Robin Lane Fox (born 1946) is an English academic and historian, currently a Fellow of New College, Oxford, Lecturer in Ancient History at Exeter College, Oxford and University Reader in Ancient History. He is the father of the internet entrepreneur Martha Lane Fox, famously the founder of Lastminute.com.
He was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford.
He has written numerous books and articles, including Alexander the Great (for which he was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize), Pagans and Christians, The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible and the recently released The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian. Lane Fox has taught Greek and Latin literature, Greek and Roman history and early Islamic history in which he held an Oxford Research Fellowship.
Recently he was historical advisor to film director Oliver Stone for the epic Alexander, in which he can be seen as a Macedonian general in a main battle scene. Robin Lane Fox is also weekly gardening correspondent for the Financial Times.

History

William C. Bouck, 1796-1859, former governor of New York 1843-1845.
John McGiver, 1913-1975, actor. Notable residents
Schoharie County is in central New York State, west of Albany and southeast of Utica.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,622 km² (626 mi²). 1,611 km² (622 mi²) of it is land and 11 km² (4 mi²) of it (0.69%) is water.
Much of the southern portion of the county lies within the Catskill Mountains. Land rises in both directions quite rapidly from Schoharie Creek in the middle of the county. The Schoharie Creek is a northward-flowing tributary of the Mohawk River. The Schoharie Creek watershed spans an area of approximately 950 square miles. The course of Schoharie Creek includes two reservoir-dam systems. The Gilboa Dam and the Schoharie Reservoir are part of the New York City Water Supply System. The New York Power Authority operates the Blenheim-Gilboa Dam and its reservoir to produce hydroelectric power.
The highest point is found at the summit of Huntersfield Mountain on the southern boundary with Greene County, 3,423 feet (1,043 m) above sea level. The lowest point is where the Montgomery County line meets Schoharie Creek, 520 feet (158 m) above sea level.

Geography

Montgomery County - north
Schenectady County - northeast
Albany County - east
Greene County - southeast
Delaware County - southwest
Otsego County - west Demographics
==> Labels in parentheses show official political designation.

Blenheim (town)
Broome (town)
Carlisle (town)
Cobleskill (village)
Cobleskill (town)
Conesville (town)
Esperance (town)
Esperance (village)
Fulton (town)
Gilboa (town)
Jefferson (town)
Middleburgh (village)
Middleburgh (town)
Richmondville (village)
Richmondville (town)
Schoharie (town)
Schoharie (village)
Seward (town)
Sharon Springs (village)
Sharon (town)
Summit (town)
Wright (town)

Yǒng
The Eight Principles of Yong (Chinese: 永字八法; pinyin: Yǒngzì Bā Fǎ; Japanese: えいじはっぽう, Eiji Happō; Korean: 영자팔법, Yeongjapalbeop; Vietnamese: Vĩnh Tự Bát Pháp/ Tám Phương Pháp về Chữ Vĩnh) explains how to write the eight strokes common in Chinese characters found all in the one character of yong (永, meaning "permanence"). It was believed that the frequent practice of these principles as a beginner calligrapher could ensure beauty in one's writing.
The Eight Principles are influenced by the earlier Seven Powers by Lady Wei Shuo. Publications on the Principles include:
The number of the strokes. Where there are multiple numbers in an area, the strokes intercept briefly and continue from the previous number to the next.

The Principle's names and representations are: (listed by stroke order)
In addition to these eight common strokes, there are at least two dozen modified or completely unrelated strokes.

The Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong" (永字八法頌) by Liu Zongyuan (柳宗元) of the Tang Dynasty.
Explanations to the Eight Principles of "Yong" (永字八法解) by Li Puguang (李溥光) of the Yuan Dynasty. Li provided two-character metaphorical names.
Cè (側), or "Sideway"

• Also known as Diǎn (點), or "Dot"
  Li's name: Guài Shí (怪石), or "The Strange Stone"
  Top-left to bottom-right
  Lè (勒), or "Bridle"
  
  
  
  • Also known as Héng (橫), or "Horizontal"
    Li's name: Yù Àn (玉案), or "The Jade Table"
    A straight horizontal line
    Nǔ (弩 or 努), or "Crossbow"
    
    
    
    • Also known as Shù (竪) or erect; Tiěchǔ (鐵杵), or "Iron Staff"
      Li's name: Tiězhù (鐵柱), or "Iron Pillar"
      A straight vertical line
      Tì (趯), or "Leaping"
      
      
      
      • Commonly known as Gōu (鉤), or "Hook"
        Li's name: Xiāzhuǎ (蟹爪), or "The Pincer of Crab"
        A hook to the left
        Cè (策), or "Horsewhip"
        
        
        
        • Also known as Tiāo (挑), or "Lifting off"; Tí (提), or "Raise"
          Li's name: Hǔyá (虎牙), or "The Tiger's Tooth"
          A tapering horizontal line thinning toward upper right
          Lüè (掠), or "Passing lightly"
          
          
          
          • Also known as Piě (撇), or "Slant"
            Li's name: Xījiǎo (犀角), or "The Horn of Rhinoceros"
            A long slightly curvy tapering line thinning toward lower left
            Zhuó (啄), or "Pecking"
            
            
            
            • Also known as Duǎn Piě (短撇), or "Short slant"
              Li's name: Niǎo Zhuó (鳥啄), or "Bird Pecking"
              A short tapering line thinning toward lower left
              In some illustrations, this stroke represents wān (彎), or "Curve", even though the curve stroke is different.
              Zhé (磔), or "Dismemberment"
              
              
              
              • Also known as Nà (捺), or "Pressing forcefully", and Pō (波), or "Wave"
                Li's name: Jīndāo (金刀), or "Golden Dao"
                Thickening line toward lower right, where it is "as sharp as a knife" (hence the name "Dismemberment")

7,546,131 (2006 Census)

Origin of name
The "Québécois nation" was recognized in a near-unanimous motion of Prime Minister Stephen Harper adopted by the Canadian House of Commons on 27 November 2006. The motion proposed that "... this House recognize that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada", with the Prime Minister specifying that he was using the "cultural" and "sociological" as opposed the "legal" sense of the word "nation". The Prime Minister emphasized that the motion was a symbolic political nature, representing no constitutional change, no recognition of Quebec sovereignty, and no legal change in its political relations within the federation.

Usage
English expressions employing the term stress the distinction between the ethno-cultural and sociological sense of Québécois and the legal and civic sense of Quebecer or Quebec.

Québécois people
Québécois society
Québécois nation English usage

Les Québécois et Québécoises (masculine and feminine genders) to include women when referring to Quebecers as a whole.
Le Québec aux Québécois - "Quebec for Québécois" - slogan often chanted at Quebec nationalist rallies or protests. French expressions used in English

Culture of Quebec
Demolinguistics of Quebec
Scots-Quebecer
List of Irish Quebecers
French-Canadians

Glyfada (Greek: Γλυφάδα) is an elegant and stylish suburb of Athens, situated in the southern parts of the Athens Metropolitan Area. The City of Glyfada stretches out from the foot of the Hymettus mountain and reaches out to embrace the Saronic Gulf. It is the largest of the Athens' southern suburbs, divided into Kato Glyfada, located by the sea, and Ano Glyfada, the area next to Mount Hymettus. The area is known in greece for its upmarket cafe and night life, well-known restaurants, shops and seasonal summer clubs; and its popularity with celebrities, singers, actors, athletes and journalists.

Geography
Glyfada is connected to central Athens via two major avenues (Posidonos and Vouliagmenis) and a tram line which goes across the seaside next to Posidonos Avenue. On the quay at Glyfada is a rescue and rehabilitation centre for sea turtles, run by ARCHELON, the Sea Turtle Protection Society of Greece. The staff there provide free educational tours of the facilities and treatments for visitors.

Transportation
32,492 people registered with the Municipality of Glyfada voted during the Municipal Elections of October 2006. At the second round, 54.79% of the votes were for Ioannis G. Theodoropoulos, who is the mayor of Glyfada for the 2006-2010 period.

Municpality

Constantine Mitsotakis, former Prime Minister of Greece
Anna Diamantopoulou, former Greek EU representative
Petros Doukas, Deputy finance Minister of Greece
Gerasimos Giakoumatos, Deputy Minister of Employment and Social Welfare
Fani Palli-Petralia, current Greek Minister of Tourism.
Elena Paparizou, Greek singer and Eurovision winner
Tolis Voskopoulos, Greek singer
Antonis Remos, Greek singer
Katerina Stanisi, Greek singer
Pashalis, Greek singer and Eurovision contestant
Bessy Argiraki, Greek singer, Eurovision contestant and member of Glyfada's council.
Tony Mokbel, Australian fugitive
Marcelo Mattos, Panathinaikos Player from Brazil Famous residents and people
Glyfada has also become famous for its residents who include mythical billionaire Aristotle Onassis, Onassis's and Athina Livanos's daughter Christina Onassis, but also the Mitsotakis family, who own a summer house in Glyfada. Former President of the Hellenic Republic Konstantinos Karamanlis visited Glyfada regularly during an earlier era. Greek politician Alexandros Panagoulis was born in Glyfada, as was Eleni Menegaki.

People

Historical population

Ano Glyfada
Terpsithea Twin cities

List of cities in Greece
Communities of Attica
List of municipalities of Attica

This article is about the province of Cavite. For information about Cavite City, see Cavite City.
Cavite is a province of the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the Calabarzon region in Luzon, just 30 kilometers south of Manila. Its capital is the city of Trece Martires. Cavite is surrounded by the provinces of Laguna to the east and Batangas to the south. To the west lies the South China Sea.

People and culture
Cavite has a total population of 2,063,161 within an area of 1,297.6 square kilometers. It has the largest population in the CALABARZON area. The tremendous increase can be observed in the year 1990 when industrialization was introduced in the province. Investors established their businesses in different industrial estates that magnetized people to migrate to Cavite due to job opportunities the province offers. Another factor attributed to the increase of population is the mushrooming of housing subdivisions. Since Cavite is proximate to Metro Manila, people working in the metropolitan area choose to live in the province together with their families. Natural increase also contributes to the increase in population.
Among the cities and municipalities in Cavite, the municipality of Dasmariñas has the biggest population with 379,520 persons while the municipality of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo has registered the smallest population with 14,343 persons.
Cavite is a highly urbanized growth center of the country. It is classified as predominantly urban having 90.69 percent or 1,871,245 of the population are concentrated in the urban areas, while 9.21 percent or 191,916 of the population reside in rural areas.
In year 2000, urban population increased which can be attributed to in-migration due to expansion of residential areas as well as influx of commercial establishments, services and facilities.

Population
The main languages spoken are Tagalog, Chabacano and English. Chabacano, sometimes spelled as Chavacano, is the dialect mostly spoken by majority of the Caviteños that lived in Cavite City and Ternate, whose origin has begun during the arrival of the first Spaniards three centuries ago. Today very few Caviteños speak the Chabacano dialect and perhaps it will come to cease of its existence or completely dissapppear in the near future.
Due to Cavite's proximity to Manila a large number of people have moved from farther provinces, resulting in a not insignificant usage of Bikol, Cebuano, and Ilokano.

Languages
In line with national statistics, the majority (80%) of the population are Roman Catholic while adherents of the Aglipayan Church account for 11% and the Iglesia ni Cristo account for 4% of the population. Other Christian sects and Muslims comprise the remainder.

Religion
Cavite is one of the fastest growing provinces in the country due to its close proximity to Metro Manila. Many companies, such as Intel, have established manufacturing plants in numerous industrial parks in the province.
It has indeed transformed into an industrial and commercial hub not only in CALABARZON but in the whole country as well. As of 2003, there are thirty-one (31) industrial estates in the province. A total of 973 investors have poured their investments in the 718 existing industrial establishments. Most of the investors have established partnership with their Filipino counterparts in varying levels of equity participation.
Since the 1990s when the provincial government launched the Second Revolution with industrialization as one of its priority thrusts, Cavite has become a preferred destination of both local and foreign investors. The provinces proximity to Metro Manila has also contributed to the advent of commercial establishments, taking advantage of the rapid urbanization happening provincewide. Agglomeration of such establishments has indeed transformed Cavite into an industrial and commercial hub not only in CALABARZON but in the whole country as well.
Four SM Supermalls and three Robinsons malls are located in Cavite. These are the SM City Bacoor, SM City Dasmariñas, SM Supercenter Molino, soon to rise SM Tagaytay(2009), Robinsons Place Imus, Robinsons Place Dasmariñas & soon to rise Robinsons Place Tagaytay(2007).

Economy
A number of events related to the Philippine Revolution took place in Cavite. Considered as the birthplace of the Philippines, Imus in Cavite was the site of the first successful revolution. Honoring this event is the Imus Historical Marker. The province is also the birthplace of Philippine heroes such as General Emilio Aguinaldo.
The main attractions in Cavite are the Island Cove and Leisure Park and several first class resorts.
The Aguinaldo Shrine and Museum in Kawit is where the independence of the Philippines was proclaimed on June 12 1898 by General Aguinaldo, the Philippines' first president.
The Andres Bonifacio House in [[General Trias is the former home of the country's revolutionary leader The site of his court martial in Maragondon is also preserved. Other historical sites include the Battle of Alapan and Battle of Julian Bridge Markers, the House of Tirona, and Fort San Felipe.
The main churches of the province are the Imus Cathedral, Silang, General Trias and Maragondon Catholic Churches. The Shrines of Our Lady of La Salette in Silang, and St. Anne, Tagaytay, also attract pilgrims.
Natural attractions include Balite and Malibedibic Falls as well as the Cabag Caves.
Corregidor is an island fortress where Filipino-American forces fought against the Japanese invaders in 1942. It has become a tourist attraction with tunnels, cannons and other war structures still well-preserved. The famous line of General Douglas McArthur said is associated with Corregidor: "I shall return!"
There are first class hotels, inns and lodging houses to accommodate both foreign and local tourists. Conference facilities can be found in several convention centers, hotels and resorts in the province. Restaurants and specialty dining places offer mushroom dishes, native delicacies and exotic cuisines. Seafoods, fruits, coffee, organic vegetables, tinapa, handicrafts, ornamental plants also abound in the province.
There are twenty-two (22) accredited tourism establishments and three (3) accredited tour guides. There are also tour packages being arranged with the Department of Tourism. Centuries old traditions and the very rich culture of Cavite have been the source of great pride to Caviteños.
Cavite is a historic, picturesque and scenic province providing a place conducive to both business and leisure. Tagaytay City serves as the main tourist center. Historical attraction and sites are Fort San Felipe and Sangley Point, both in Cavite City; Corregidor Island; General Trias; Calero Bridge, Noveleta; Battle of Alapan Marker and Flag in Imus; Zapote Bridge in Bacoor; Battle of Binakayan Monument in Kawit; Tejeros Convention Site in Rosario; and Aguinaldo Shrine, the site of the declaration of Philippine Independence in Kawit. Several old churches stand as glorious reminders of how the Catholic faith has blossomed in the Province of Cavite . Existing museums include Geronimo de los Reyes Museum , General Trias; Museo De La Salle, Dasmariñas; Philippine Navy Museum, Cavite City ; Baldomero Aguinaldo Museum , Kawit; and Cavite City Library Museum , Cavite City . There are eight (8) world-class golf courses in the province. Natural wonders are mostly found in the upland areas such as Tagaytay Ridge, Macabag Cave in Maragondon, Balite Falls in Amadeo, Malibiclibic Falls in General Aguinaldo-Magallanes Boarder, Mts. Palay-Palay and Mataas na Gulod National Park in Ternate and Maragondon, Sitio Buhay Unclassified Forest in Magallanes and flowers, vegetables and coffee farms.

Tourism
Cavite is strategically located at the intermediate zone of the metropolitan Manila area. The urban influence of the metropolis together with easy accessibility, adequate infrastructure and fresh natural setting makes the picturesque province an ideal refuge.

Geography
Cavite is subdivided into 20 municipalities and 3 cities.

Political Divisions
Land. Cavite is the smallest province in the CALABARZON region, having an area of 1,297.6 km². It lies on the southern shores of Manila Bay and includes most of the islands in the bay such as Corregidor. Other islands include Caballo Island, Carabao Island, and El Praile Island.
Most of the province is flat and gradually rises in altitude going southwards towards the Tagaytay Ridge, which overlooks the Taal Lake in Batangas. Tagaytay City is located on this ridge and provides one of the best views of Taal Volcano. The ridge is also the province's highest point at 640 meters above sea level. To the southwest of the province rises the Maragondon Mountains.
The shores of Cavite are relatively straight. Cavite City lies on a peninsula jutting into Manila Bay. Towards the southwest, the shoreline features numerous bays and cliffs especially in the municipalities of Ternate and Maragondon.
The province is cut by five major rivers: Maragondon, Labac, Cañas, Ilang-Ilang and Imus, all emptying into Manila Bay.
Climate. Cavite has two pronounced seasons—the dry season, which begins in November and ends in April, and the rainy season, which starts in May and ends in October. The coolest months are January and February while the hottest months are April and May.

Physical
Cavite is named as the "Historical Capital of the Philippines." It is the cradle of Philippine Revolution, and the birthplace of Philippine Independence.
Cavite got its name comes from a Filipino world "Kawit" (which means "Hook.") owing to the hook-shaped land on the Old Spanish map. The land was formerly known as "Tangway" where Spanish authorities contructed a fort from which the city of Cavite rose. Archeological evidence in coastal areas shows prehistorical settlements. According to local folklore, the earliest settlers of Cavite came from Borneo. In the 1600s, encomiendas or Spanish Royal land grants were given in Cavite and Marsgondon. Jesuit priests brought in settlers from Mollucas. These settlers, known as "Mardicas," settled in Ternate and Maragondon.
Other settlements grew and by the turn of the century, Cavite towns were already trading with one another. Traditional industries began to thrive as Manila's commerce grew. In 1872, Filipinos launched its revolt againts Spain. Three Filipino priests--Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez,and Jacinto Zamora--were implicated in the Cavite mutiny when 200 Filipinos staged a rebellion within Spanish garrisons. In 28 August 1896, when the revolution against Spain broke out, Cavite became a became a bloody theater of war. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, Caviteños made lightning raids on Spanish headquarters, and soon liberated the entire province. Aguinaldo commanded the Revolution to its successful end:the proclamation of the first Republic in Asia, the Republic of the Philippines, on 12 June 1898 in Kawit.
Cavite proudly stands as a place with a glorious past. Its warm and friendly people, whose ancestors came down with a noble cause, manifest industry and patience in various skills and professions, openly receptive to the entry and exchange of culture and technology that are of value to the province.

History
Many sources state that Imus is the capital of Cavite, (e.g.: the Cavite Provincial Government website) and that Trece Martires City is only the Seat of Government.
This distinction has been in effect since Erineo Maliksi became the governor of the province. Maliksi used to be the mayor of Imus for three terms and even became a representative of the province's second district prior to being elected as governor.
However, most accounts and sources outside the province -- especially those connected to the Philippine government -- consider Trece Martires City as the official capital of Cavite. The Cavite Province Capital building is located in Trece Martires.

Trece Martires City or Imus: Capital of Cavite?
1st District: Cesario Del Rosario Jr., Luis Pagtakhan & Restituto Enriquez 2nd District: Alex Advincula, Arleen Arayata, Recto Cantimbuhan & Raymundo Del Rosario 3rd District: Eileen Beratio, Virgilio Ambion & Lope Tepora
Elected Representatives as of July 1st, 2007 1st District: Joseph Emilio Abaya 2nd District: Elpidio Barzaga Jr. 3rd district: Juanito Crispin Remulla
Governor: Erineo Maliksi
Vice Governor: Dencito Campaña
Board Members: Current Officials (2007-2010)

Kaye Abad - An actress. She is a member of ABS-CBN's elite circle of homegrown talents properly named Star Magic.
Emilio Aguinaldo - was the 1st President of the Republic of the Philippines and a native of Cavite El Viejo (Kawit), Cavite. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role in Philippine independence during the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the Philippine-American War that resisted American occupation.In the Philippines, Aguinaldo is considered to be the country's first and the youngest Philippine President,though his government failed to obtain any foreign recognition.
Christian Bautista - is a multi-awarded recording artist and singing sensation in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore. He was a finalist of the Philippine reality show Star in a Million shown on ABS-CBN.
Dr. Paulo C. Campos - Dr. Campos, who took his Doctor of Medicine at the University of the Philippines in 1946, is a national scientist. Through his efforts, the first and the best known Radioisotope Laboratory in the Philippines, and the thyroid Clinic of UP-PGH Medical Center were established. He also established the Comprehensive Community Health Program and facilities of the University of the Philippines which became a local and international model. An Academian, Dr. Campos topped the first Medical Board Examination after World War II and later took Post Graduate courses in John Hopkins School of Medicine from 1952-1953 and Harvard School of Medicine, 1952 and 1958. He also attended Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies in 1958 and had been to several International Seminars and conferences. He is also the President of the university Physicians' Services Inc., and the founder of the Emilio Aguinaldo College. Dr. Campos was born on July 27, 1921 in Dasmariñas, Cavite.
Felipe Calderón y Roca - a national hero. He was a Filipino politician and intellectual known as the Father of the Philippine Constitution.
Panfilo Lacson - is a retired Director-General of the Philippine National Police, and is currently a member of the Philippine Senate.
Justiniano S. Montano - was a Filipino politician who was elected for one term to the Philippine Senate and for multiple terms as a member of the House of Representatives.
Mars Ravelo - was one of the most successful Filipino graphic novelists. He created Filipino classics like Darna, Dyesebel, Captain Barbell, Lastikman, Bondying, Varga, Wanted: Perfect Mother, Hiwaga, Maruja, Mariposa, Roberta, Rita, Buhay Pilipino, Jack and Jill, Flash Bomba, Tiny Tony, and Dragonna among others.
Ramon Revilla, Jr. - popularly known as Bong Revilla is a Filipino actor, politician and Senator of the Republic of the Philippines. Revilla is known for his lead roles in numerous action movies during the 1980s and the 1990s. He also starred in a few movies alongside his father, Ramon Revilla. Recently, he has been involved in a number of comedy related movies and TV shows in GMA-7.
Soxy Topacio - a film director.
Jasmine Trias - a Filipino-American singer and entertainer who was the third-place finalist on the third season of American Idol.
Epimaco Velasco - Born in Tanza, Cavite. He was a DILG Secretary,Governor and National Bureau of Investigation(Philippines) from 1992,1995.
Cesar Virata - Former Prime Minister of the Philippines from 1981-1986 under the Interim Batasang Pambansa and the Regular Batasang Pambansa.

Life
Henslowe developed extensive business interests, including dying, starch-making, pawn-broking, money lending and trading in goat-skins. He owned property in East Grinstead and Buxted, Sussex, where his brother in law Ralph Hogge lived. Between 1576 and 1586 Henslowe was involved in the trade in timber from Ashdown Forest. However, his main activity was as a landlord in Southwark. One of his authors, Henry Chettle, described him as being unscrupulously harsh with his poor tenants, even though Henslowe made many loans to Chettle and they seem to have been on friendly terms.

Business Interests
In 1584 Henslowe purchased a property known as The Little Rose, in Southwark, which contained rose gardens and, almost certainly, a brothel. In 1587, Henslowe and John Cholmley built The Rose, the third of the large, permanent playhouses in London, and the first in Bankside. From 1591, Henslowe partnered with the Admiral's Men after that company split with The Theatre's James Burbage over the division of receipts. Edward Alleyn, the Admiral's' lead actor, married Henslowe's stepdaughter Joan in 1592, and they worked in partnership.
In 1598, Burbage's company (by then, the Lord Chamberlain's Men) erected the new Globe Theatre in Bankside; Henslowe moved the Admiral's Men to the north-western corner of the city, into a venue he had financed, the Fortune Theatre. John Taylor, the "Water Poet", petitioned the King on behalf of the Watermen's Company, because of the expected loss of business transporting theatre patrons across the Thames.
He also had interests in the Newington Butts Theatre and The Swan.

Theatrical Interests
Henslowe and Alleyn also operated the Paris Garden, a venue for baitings; early in James's reign, they purchased the office of Keeper of the Royal Game, namely bulls, bears and mastiffs. In 1614, he and Jacob Meade built the Hope Theatre in Bankside; designed with a moveable stage for both plays and animal baiting, it was the last of the large open-roof theatres built before 1642. The animal-shows ended up ascendant at this venue. The induction to Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair, performed at the Hope in 1614, complains that the theater is "as dirty as Smithfield, and as stinking every whit." The theater did not have a regular theatrical tenant after 1617; Henslowe's share in it was willed to Alleyn.

Henslowe's Diary
The papers first came to critical attention in 1780, when Edmond Malone requested them from the Dulwich library; the papers had been misplaced and were not recovered until 1790. Malone made a transcript of the parts he viewed as relevant to his variorum edition of Shakespeare; the original was returned to Dulwich after Malone's death. (Malone's transcript was returned to the library around 1900.) The next scholar to examine the manuscripts was John Payne Collier who inserted forgeries which supported his own theories about Shakespeare.

The National Fund for Scientific Research (NFSR) (Dutch: NFWO, French: FNRS) is a government institution in Belgium for supporting scientific research. Nowadays it has been split into two organizations, the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO) in Flanders and the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) in Wallonia.
The task of the FWO and FNRS is to stimulate the development of new knowledge in all scientific disciplines. The means to achieve this, is to finance excellent scientists and research projects after an inter-University competition and with an evaluation by foreign experts. The criterion for support is the scientific quality of the scientist and the research proposal, irrespective of scientific discipline.

History
The National Fund for Scientific Research (NFSR) was founded on 2 June 1928 after a call by king Albert I of Belgium for more resources for scientific research. On 1 October 1927, in a speech at Cockerill in Seraing, King Albert I strongly emphasized the importance of scientific research to the economic development of Belgium. He repeated his appeal for more resources, on 26 November 1927, in a speech to the Academy. This led to the creation within the University Foundation of the National Fund for Scientific Research on 2 June, 1928. The new institute was lead by Emile Francqui.
The NFSR was the first Belgian organization to finance fundamental scientific research. Among the earliest projects funded were the stratosphere flights of professor Auguste Piccard. The FNRS-1 was a balloon that set a world altitude record. The NFSR also funded the FNRS-2, which was the first ever bathyscaphe built.

Scottish English is usually taken to mean the standard form of the English language used in Scotland, often termed Scottish Standard English. It is the language normally used in formal, non-fiction written texts in Scotland. Although the terminology has often been used vaguely, modern usage distinguishes clearly between Scottish English and Scots.

Background
Scottish English has a number of lexical items which are rare in other forms of standard English. General items are outwith, meaning outside of; pinkie for little finger; and wee, the Scots word for small (which also occurs in Hiberno-English). Culturally specific items like caber, haggis, and landward for rural.
In some areas there is a substantial; examples include gadge (lad, chap) and peeve (alcoholic drink).
There is a wide range of (often anglicised) legal and administrative vocabulary inherited from Scots, e.g., depute /ˈdɛpjut/ for deputy, proven /ˈproːvən/ for proved, interdict for injunction and sheriff substitute for acting sheriff.
Often, lexical differences between Scottish English and Southern Standard English are simply differences in the distribution of shared lexis, such as stay for "live" (as in: where do you stay?); doubt for "think the worst" (I doubt it will rain meaning "I fear it will rain"). Correct is often preferred to right (meaning "morally right" or "just") when the speaker means "factually accurate".

Lexis
An example of a Scottish male with a middle-class Renfrewshire accent (help·info)
While pronunciation features vary among speakers (depending on region and social status), there are a number of phonological aspects characteristic of Scottish English:

Scottish English is a rhotic accent, meaning /r/ is pronounced in the syllable coda. As with Standard English (RP), /r/ may be an alveolar approximant ([ɹ], although it is also common that a speaker will use an alveolar tap [ɾ]. Less common is use of the alveolar trill [r] (hereafter, <r> will be used to denote any rhotic consonant).

• While other dialects have merged /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ʌ/ before /r/, Scottish English makes a distinction between the vowels in herd, bird, and curd.
  Many varieties contrast /o/ and /ɔ/ before /r/ so that hoarse and horse are pronounced differently.
  /or/ and /ur/ are contrasted so that shore and sure are pronounced differently, as are pour and poor.
  There is a distinction between /w/ and /ʍ/ (also analyzed as /hw/ in word pairs such as witch and which
  The phoneme /x/ is common in names and in SSE's many Gaelic and Scots borrowings, so much so that it is often taught to incomers, particularly for "ch" in loch. Some Scottish speakers use it in words of Greek origin as well, such as technical, patriarch, etc. (Wells 1982, 408).
  /l/ is usually velarized (see dark l). In areas where Scottish Gaelic was spoken until recently (such as Dumfries and Galloway, velarization may be absent.
  Vowel length is generally regarded as non-phonemic, although a distinctive part of Scottish English is the Scots vowel length rule (Scobbie et al. 1999). Certain vowels (such as /i/, /u/, and /ae/ are generally long but are shortened before nasals and voiced plosives. However, this does not occur across morpheme boundaries so that crude contrasts with crewed, need with kneed and side with sighed.
  Scottish English has no /ʊ/, instead transferring Scots /u/. Phonetically, this vowel may be more front, being pronounced as [ʉ] or even [y]. Thus pull and pool are homophones.
  Cot and caught are not differentiated as in some other dialects.
  /θs/ is often used in plural nouns where southern English has /ðz/ (baths, youths, etc). with is pronounced with θ. (See Pronunciation of English th.)
  In colloquial speech (especially among young males), the glottal stop may be an allophone of /t/ after a vowel, as in /ˈbʌʔər/. These same speakers may "drop the g" in the suffix -ing and debuccalize /θ/ to [h] in certain contexts. Phonology
  Syntactical differences are few though the progressive verb forms are used rather more frequently than in other varieties of standard English, for example with some stative verbs (I'm wanting a drink). The future progressive frequently implies an assumption (You'll be coming from Glasgow).
  Prepositions are often used differently. Most Scots would say different from where in the south there is a strong preference for different to. The compound preposition off of is often used parallel to English into (Take that off of the table).
  
  Scots and Scottish English
  
  Abercrombie, D. (1979). "The accents of Standard English in Scotland.", in In A. J. Aitken & T. McArthur (eds.),: Languages of Scotland. Edinburgh: Chambers, 65–84. 
  Aitken, A. J. (1979) "Scottish speech: a historical view with special reference to the Standard English of Scotland" in A. J. Aitken and Tom McArthur eds. Languages of Scotland, Edinburgh: Chambers, 85-118. Updated in next.
  Corbett, John, J. Derrick McClure, and Jane Stuart-Smith (eds.) (2003). Edinburgh Student Companion to Scots. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2. 
  Foulkes, Paul; & Docherty, Gerard. J. (Eds.) (1999). Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-70608-2. 
  Macafee, C. (2004). "Scots and Scottish English.", in In Hikey R.(ed.),: Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: CUP. 
  Hughes, A., Trudgill, P. & Watt, D. (Eds.) (2005). English Accents and Dialects (4th Ed.). London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-88718-4. 
  Scobbie, James M., Nigel Hewlett, and Alice Turk (1999). "Standard English in Edinburgh and Glasgow: The Scottish Vowel Length Rule revealed.", in In Paul Foulkes & Gerard J. Docherty (eds.),: Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 230–245. 
  Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22919-7 (vol. 1), ISBN 0-521-24224-X (vol. 2), ISBN 0-521-24225-8 (vol. 3). 

Spencer Ackerman is a blogger and senior correspondent for The American Prospect. He attended Rutgers University where he was an editor for the Daily Targum student paper. He then became an intern and later an associate editor at The New Republic magazine. He initially supported the Iraq War, but became disillusioned and in 2004 started a blog on The New Republic website called Iraq'd which chronicled the dilemma of pro-war liberals. He also wrote, with John B. Judis, an article that started the chain of events that led to the Plame affair. In 2006 he was fired by The New Republic Editor Franklin Foer. Describing it as a "painful" decision, Foer attributed the firing to Ackerman's "insubordination": disparaging the magazine on his personal blog Too Hot For TNR, saying that he would "skullfuck" a terrorist's corpse at an editorial meeting if that was required to "establish his anti-terrorist bona fides" and sending Foer an e-mail where he said -- in what according to Ackerman was intended to be a joke -- he would "make a niche in your skull" with a baseball bat. Ackerman, by contrast, argued that the dismissal was due to "irreconcilable ideological differences". He believed that his leftward drift as a result of the Iraq War and the actions of the Bush administration was not appreciated by the senior editorial staff. [1] Within 24 hours of being fired by The New Republic, Ackerman gained his current job at competing magazine, The American Prospect. Ackerman has no regrets over anything he wrote or said but in retrospect believes that he should have quit. [2] In the spring of 2007 he was embedded in Iraq.
Ackerman is a fan of comic books and hardcore records. He has appeared on CNN, MSNBC, Fox News and BloggingHeads.tv

Dean Stockwell (born March 5, 1936) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy-winning American film and television actor, active for over 60 years. He played Rear Admiral Albert "Al" Calavicci in the NBC television series Quantum Leap, and currently appears in the Sci Fi Channel revival of Battlestar Galactica as Brother Cavil.

Biography
Stockwell began his acting career at age seven. Some of his notable child roles include that of Robert Shannon in The Green Years (1946), as well as playing Gregory Peck's son in Gentleman's Agreement (1947). He also starred in the lead role of the film The Boy With Green Hair in 1948, and in a film adaptation of The Secret Garden in 1949. Unlike many child actors, he continued to act past his teenage years. In 1945 he appeared in a main character role (Donald Martin) in the musical movie "Anchors Aweigh" alongside Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly. In 1950, he appeared in a lead role alongside Errol Flynn in Kim, the film of Rudyard Kipling's novel of the same name.
In 1959, Stockwell appeared in the film Compulsion, based on the famous case of Leopold and Loeb (with characters names changed to "Steiner and Strauss"), playing Judd Steiner. Compulsion also starred Bradford Dillman and Orson Welles as the Clarence Darrow-based lawyer Jonathan Wilk. In 1962, Stockwell appeared in an adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's play Long Day's Journey Into Night along with Katharine Hepburn, Ralph Richardson and Jason Robards. In 1965, his performance as an escaped convict who develops feelings for a 15-year-old girl in Rapture drew both praise and controversy. Nevertheless, his dynamic talent as a thespian was recognized.
In 1973, Stockwell was the leading actor in a B-rated horror flick called The Werewolf of Washington. Dean played Jack Whittier, a reporter who had has an affair with the daughter of the U.S. President and is sent to Hungary. There he is bitten by a werewolf, and then gets transferred back to Washington D.C., where he gets a job as Press Secretary to the President. Then bodies start turning up all over the city.
In 1984, he appeared in Wim Wenders' critically acclaimed film Paris, Texas, and in that same year, in David Lynch's film version of Dune as the traitor Dr. Yueh. In 1986, Stockwell made a memorable appearance in another Lynch production, the controversial neo-noir classic thriller Blue Velvet. In 1988, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Mafia boss Tony "the Tiger" Russo in the comedy Married to the Mob.

Career
Stockwell was born Robert Deane Stockwell
Stockwell is an avid golfer and would play golf during breaks in filming episodes of Quantum Leap. He is also a martial artist, holding instructor rank in Modern Arnis.

Millie Perkins (1960 – 1962) (divorced)
Joy Marchenko (1981 – 2004) (divorced); one daughter and one son

Pictish is a term used for the extinct language or languages thought to be spoken by the Picts, the people of northern and central Scotland in the Early Middle Ages. The idea that a distinct Pictish language was perceived at some point is only attested clearly in Bede's early 8th century Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, and there is not enough evidence to test either the language's sprachraum or its coherency as a dialect continuum.
What evidence there is of the language is limited to place names and to the names of people found on monuments and the contemporary records in the area controlled by the Kingdom of the Picts at its height. At its height, it may have been spoken from Shetland down to Fife. The term "Pictish" was used by Jackson, and followed by Forsyth, to mean the language spoken mainly north of the Forth-Clyde line in the Early Middle Ages. They use the term "Pritennic" to refer to the language spoken in the Iron Age in this area that was the precursor to Pictish. Some scholars believe that there was an earlier non-Celtic language. However, sometimes the term "Pictish" is used to refer to the earlier language.

Language Classification
Among the ogham stones in Scotland there is a small subset that do not have Gaelic inscriptions. These are generally assumed to be in Pictish as they date from the Early Middle Ages. However, many alternative languages have been suggested - from non-Indo-European to Norse. It may have been that an older language was retained for inscriptions, in a similar way to Latin.
According to W. B. Lockwood (1975) the view that Pictish was a Celtic language is tentative. Referring to an inscription in Shetland he writes: "When the personal names are extracted, the residue is entirely incomprehensible. Thus the Lunnasting stone in Shetland reads ettocuhetts ahehhttann hccvvevv nehhtons. The last word is clearly the commonly occurring name Nechton, but the rest, even allowing for the perhaps arbitrary doubling of consonants in Ogam, appears so exotic that philologists conclude that Pictish was a non-Indo-European language of unknown affinities". Jackson considered that the language of the inscriptions was a different one from that of the place-names. However, Forsyth has interpreted these inscriptions as a Celtic language. Henri Guiter in 1968 concluded that the language was a form of Basque, which might tie in with DNA studies of pre-historic migrations.

Inscriptions
However, the evidence of place names and personal names argue strongly that at some point at least some of the people in the Pictish area spoke Insular Celtic languages related to the more southerly Brythonic languages

The Vatican Secret Archives (Latin: Archivum Secretum Apostolicum Vaticanum), is the central repository for all of the acts promulgated by the Holy See. These archives also contain the state papers, correspondence, papal account books, and many other documents which the church has accumulated over the centuries. In the 17th century, under the orders of Pope Paul V, the Secret Archives were removed from the Vatican Library and remained absolutely closed to Vatican outsiders until the 19th century, fueling rumors of what might be secreted away there.

Access
Almost all organisations with archives have time restrictions on when their documents may be opened to the public, lest any documents have sensitive information that would be damaging if released. The Vatican Archives is no exception. Customarily, documents are made available to the public after a period of 75 years.
In 1883, Pope Leo XIII opened archives dated 1815 or earlier to non-clerical scholars. The first papal historian to make fundamental use of the Secret Archives was Ludwig von Pastor. Since then, the secret archives of subsequent pontificates have been opened as follows:
On February 20, 2002, Pope John Paul II took the extraordinary step of making available, beginning in 2003, some of the documents from the Historical Archives of the Secretariat of State (Second Section), which pertain to the Vatican's relations with Germany during the pontificate (1922-1939) of Pope Pius XI. The Vatican's reason for this action was "to put an end to unjust and thoughtless speculation." However, the files are not yet available for public review.

1924: Pontificates down to Gregory XVI (died 1846)
1966: Pius IX (1846-1878). Note here that the opening of Pius IX's pontificate was planned during the pontificate of Pius XII
1978: Leo XIII (1878-1903)
1985: Pius X (1903-1914) and Benedict XV (1914-1922) Opening of the archives

Agostino Cardinal Ciasca (19 May 1891 - 4 Jul 1893)
Luigi Cardinal Galimberti (25 Jun 1894 - 7 May 1896)
Francesco Cardinal Segna (4 Jul 1896 - 13 Jan 1908)
Francesco Salesio Della Volpe 26 Oct 1908 - 26 Jan 1911)
Francis Aidan Gasquet (28 Nov 1917 - 5 Apr 1929)
Franz Cardinal Ehrle (17 Apr 1929 - 31 Mar 1934)
Giovanni Cardinal Mercati (15 Jun 1936 - 23 Aug 1957)
Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant (14 Sep 1957 - 27 Mar 1971)
Antonio Cardinal Samore (25 Jan 1974 - 3 Feb 1983)
Alfons Stickler (8 Sep 1983 - 1 Jul 1988)
Antonio María Javierre Ortas (1 Jul 1988 - 24 Jan 1992)
Luigi Cardinal Poggi (9 Apr 1992 - 7 Mar 1998)
Jorge Maria Cardinal Mejia (7 Mar 1998 - 24 Nov 2003)
Jean-Louis Cardinal Tauran (24 Nov 2003 - 1 Sept 2007)
Raffaele Farina (1 Sept 2007 - ) Archivists of the Vatican Secret Archives
Not included in the Secret Archives is archive of the Apostolic Penitentiary contains papal documents and other material that are not made public due to the Seal of the Confessional. Nevertheless the Secret Archives are the main collection.

Further reading

Actes et Documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale (Acts and Documents of the Holy See relative to the Second World War)
Acta Apostolicae Sedis
Relations between Catholicism and Judaism
Henry Denifle Sub-archivist at the Vatican (1883-1905)
Archive of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

Fredrik Thordendal (born February 11, 1970) is the lead guitarist and a founding member of the Swedish metal band Meshuggah.
Under the name Fredrik Thordendal's Special Defects, Thordendal released a solo album in 1997 titled Sol Niger Within with Ultimate Audio Entertainment. The album was remixed and re-released by Ultimate Audio Entertainment and Relapse Records in 1999 under the title Sol Niger Within version 3.33. The re-release contains two bonus tracks but omits several parts of the original version.
As a guitarist, Thordendal draws attention with his clean, flowing, jazz influenced lead playing and powerful, rhythmically complex rhythm playing, augmented by his use of low tuned eight string guitars. Most notable is the similarity between his solos and those of legendary jazz guitarist Allan Holdsworth. He also contributes to the songwriting for Meshuggah, as well as providing backing vocals in live performances.
Thordendal is also a producer of some note, having produced all of Meshuggah's recent material and also releases for various other bands, Switzerland's Fragment among them.

With Meshuggah

Sol Niger Within (1997)

CDM directs here. For other uses see CDM (disambiguation).
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment (called Annex 1 countries) to invest in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own countries. The most important factor of a carbon project is that it establishes that it would not have occurred without the additional incentive provided by emission reductions credits.
The CDM allows net global greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced at a much lower global cost by financing emissions reduction projects in developing countries where costs are lower than in industrialized countries. However, critics argue that by allowing "business as usual" projects some emission reductions under the CDM are false or exaggerated, and in early 2007 the CDM was accused of paying €4.6 billion for projects that would have cost only €100 million if funded by development agencies (see discussion below).
The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board (CDM EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties (COP/MOP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

History and Purpose

CDM project process
An industrialised country that wishes to get credits from a CDM project must obtain the consent of the developing country hosting the project that it will contribute to sustainable development. Then, using methodologies approved by the CDM Executive Board (EB), the applicant (the industrialised country) must make the case that the carbon project would not have happened anyway (establishing additionality), and must establish a baseline estimating the future emissions in absence of the registered project. The case is then validated by a third party agency, called a Designated Operational Entity (DOE), to ensure the project results in real, measurable, and long-term emission reductions. The EB then decides whether or not to register (approve) the project. If a project is registered and implemented, the EB issues credits, called Certified Emission Reductions (CERs, equivalent to one metric tonne of CO₂ reduction), to project participants based on the monitored difference between the baseline and the actual emissions, verified by the DOE.

Outline of the project process
To avoid giving credits to projects that would have happened anyway ("freeriders"), rules have been specified to ensure additionality of the project, that is, to ensure the project reduces emissions more than would have occurred in the absence of the project. There are currently two rival interpretations of the additionality criterion:
A number of terms for different kinds of additionality have been discussed, leading to some confusion, particularly over the terms 'financial additionality' and 'investment additionality' which are sometimes used as synonyms. 'Investment additionality', however, was a concept discussed and ultimately rejected during negotiation of the Marrakech Accords. Investment Additionality carried the idea that any project that surpasses a certain risk-adjusted profitability threshold would automatically be deemed non-additional set by the CDM Executive Board for assessing additionality.

What is often labelled 'environmental additionality' has that a project is additional if the emissions from the project are lower than the baseline. It generally looks at what would have happened without the project.
In the other interpretation, sometimes termed 'project additionality', the project must not have happened without the CDM. Establishing additionality
The amount of emission reduction, obviously, depends on the emissions that would have occurred without the project. The construction of such a hypothetical scenario is known as the baseline of the project. The baseline may be estimated through reference to emissions from similar activities and technologies in the same country or other countries, or to actual emissions prior to project implementation. The partners involved in the project could have an interest in establishing a baseline with high emissions, which would yield a risk of awarding spurious credits. Independent third party verification is meant to ameliorate this potential problem.

Establishing a baseline
With costs of emission reduction typically much lower in developing countries than in industrialised countries, industrialised countries can comply with their emission reduction targets at much lower cost by receiving credits for emissions reduced in developing countries as long as administration costs are low. However, many CDM projects have led to excessive profits (see next section).
IPCC has projected GDP losses for OECD Europe with full use of CDM and Joint Implementation to between 0.13 and 0.81 % of GDP versus 0.31 to 1.50 % with only domestic action.
While there would always be some cheap domestic emission reductions available in Europe, the cost of switching from coal to gas could be in the order of €40-50 per tonne CO₂ equivalent. CERs from CDM projects were in 2006 traded on a forward basis for between €5 and € 20 per tonne CO₂ equivalent. The price depends on the distribution of risk between seller and buyer. The seller could get a very good price if it agrees to bear the risk that the project's baseline and monitoring methodology is rejected; that the host country rejects the project; that the CDM Executive Board rejects the project; that the project for some reason produces fewer credits than planned; or that the buyer doesn't get CERs at the agreed time if the international transaction log is not in place by then. These risks the seller can usually only take if it is a very reliable counterparty rated by international rating agencies.

Financial issues

Concerns
As CDM is an alternative to domestic emission reductions, the perfectly working CDM would produce no more and no less greenhouse gas emission reductions than without use of the CDM. However, it was recognized from the beginning that if projects that would have happened anyway are registered as CDM projects, then the net effect is an increase of global emissions as the spurious credits will be used to allow higher domestic emissions without reducing emissions in the developing country hosting the CDM project. Similarly, spurious credits may be awarded through overstated baselines, causing the same problem.
NGOs have criticized the inclusion of large hydropower projects, which they consider unsustainable, as CDM projects . Other concerns are the lack of renewable energy CDM projects and the inclusion of sinks.

The risk of spurious credits
In early 2007 an issue that had by then already been known for a while