Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling pelacur or disposal of waste materials, usually ones produced by human activity, in an effort to reduce their effect on human health or local aesthetics or amenity. A subfocus in recent decades has been to reduce waste materials' effect on the natural world and the environment and to recover resources from them.
Waste management can involve solid, liquid or gaseous substances with different methods and fields of expertise for each.
Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential, industrial, and commercial producers. Waste management for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.
Waste management concepts
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.
Waste hierarchyExtended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a strategy designed to promote the integration of environmental costs associated with products throughout their life cycles into the market price of the products. Extended producer responsibility imposes accountability over the entire life cycle of products and packaging introduced on the market. This means that firms which manufacture, import and/or sell products are required to be financially or physically responsible for such products after their useful life.
Polluter pays principle
Waste collection methods vary widely between different countries and regions, and it would be impossible to describe them all. Many areas, especially those in less developed countries, do not have a formal waste-collection system in place.
For example, in Australia most urban domestic households have a 240-litre (63.4 U.S. gallon) bin that is emptied weekly from the curb using side- or rear-loading compactor trucks. In Europe and a few other places around the world, a few communities use a proprietary collection system known as Envac, which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a vacuum system. Roosevelt Island has had this system since 1975. In Canadian urban centres curbside collection is the most common method of disposal, whereby the city collects waste and/or recyclables and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people usually dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste collected is then transported to a regional landfill.
Waste collection methods
Waste management methods for vary widely between areas for many reasons, including type of waste material, nearby land uses, and the area available.
Waste management methods
Disposing of waste in a landfill is one of the most traditional method of waste disposal, and it remains a common practice in most countries. Historically, landfills were often established in disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials in a way that minimises their impact on the local environment. Older, poorly-designed or poorly-managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of leachate where result of rain percolating through the waste and reacting with the products of decomposition, chemicals and other materials in the waste to produce the leachate which can pollute groundwater and surface water. Another byproduct of landfills is landfill gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down anaerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas.
Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leachate, such as clay or plastic lining material. Disposed waste is normally compacted to increase its density and stablise the new landform, and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats) and reduce the amount of wind-blown litter. Many landfills also have a landfill gas extraction system installed after closure to extract the landfill gas generated by the decomposing waste materials. Gas is pumped out of the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity. Flaring off the gas is generally a better environmental outcome than allowing it to escape to the atmosphere, as this consumes the methane (which is a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide).
Many local authorities, especially in urban areas, have found it difficult to establish new landfills due to opposition from owners of adjacent land. Few people want a landfill in their local neighborhood. As a result, solid waste disposal in these areas has become more expensive as material must be transported further away for disposal (or managed by other methods).
This fact, as well as growing concern about the impacts of excessive materials consumption, has given rise to efforts to minimise the amount of waste sent to landfill in many areas. These efforts include taxing or levying waste sent to landfill, recycling the materials, converting material to energy, designing products that use less material, and legislation mandating that manufacturers become responsible for disposal costs of products or packaging. A related subject is that of industrial ecology, where the material flows between industries is studied. The by-products of one industry may be a useful commodity to another, leading to a reduced materials waste stream.
Some futurists have speculated that landfills may one day be mined: as some resources become more scarce, they will become valuable enough that it would be economical to 'mine' them from landfills where these materials were previously discarded as valueless. A related idea is the establishment of a 'monofill' landfill containing only one waste type (e.g. waste vehicle tires), as a method of long-term storage.
Landfill
Main articles: Incineration and Waste-to-energy
Incineration
Digital rights management (DRM) is an umbrella term that refers to access control technologies used by publishers and other copyright holders to limit usage of digital media or devices. DRM can also refer to restrictions associated with specific instances of digital works or devices. The term is often confused with copy protection and technical protection measures, which refer to specific technologies that control or restrict the use and access of digital content on electronic devices. Such technologies act as components of a complete rights-management system design.
The use of digital rights management has been controversial. Advocates argue it is necessary for copyright holders to prevent unauthorized duplication of their work to ensure continued revenue streams.
Introduction
Technologies
An early example of a DRM system was the Content Scrambling System (CSS) employed by the DVD Forum on film DVDs since circa 1996. CSS used a simple encryption algorithm, and required device manufacturers to sign license agreements that restricted the inclusion of features, such as digital outputs that could be used to extract high-quality digital copies of the film, in their players. Thus, the only consumer hardware capable of decoding DVD films was controlled, albeit indirectly, by the DVD Forum, restricting the use of DVD media on other systems until the release of DeCSS by Jon Lech Johansen in 1999, which allowed a CSS-encrypted DVD to play properly on a computer using Linux, for which the Alliance had not arranged a licensed version of the CSS playing software.
Microsoft's Windows Vista contains a DRM system called the Protected Media Path, which contains the Protected Video Path (PVP). PVP can prevent DRM-restricted content from playing while unsigned software is running in order to prevent the unsigned software from accessing the content. Additionally, PVP can encrypt information during transmission to the monitor or the graphics card, which prevents unauthorized methods of video recording.
DRM and film
DRM and music
In 2002, Bertelsmann (comprised of BMG, Arista and RCA) was the first corporation to use DRM on audio CDs. This was initially done on promotional CDs, but all CDs from these companies would eventually include at least some DRM.
Audio CDs
Many online music stores employ DRM to restrict usage of music purchased and downloaded online. There are many options for consumers buying digital music over the internet, in terms of both stores and purchase options. Two examples of music stores and their functionality follow:
The various services are currently not interoperable, though those that use the same DRM system (for instance the several Windows Media DRM format stores, including Napster) all provide songs that can be played side-by-side through the same player program. Almost all stores require client software of some sort to be downloaded, and some also need plug-ins. Several colleges and universities, such as Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, have made arrangements with assorted Internet music suppliers to provide access (typically DRM-restricted) to music files for their students, to less than universal popularity, sometimes making payments from student activity fee funds.
Napster music store, which offers a subscription-based approach to DRM alongside permanent purchases. Users of the subscription service can download and stream an unlimited amount of music encoded to Windows Media Audio (WMA) while subscribed to the service. But as soon as the user misses a payment, the service renders all of the downloaded music unusable. Napster also charges users who wish to use the music on their portable device an additional $5 per month. Furthermore, Napster requires users to pay an additional $0.99 per track to burn it to CD or listen to it after the subscription expires. Songs bought through Napster can be played on players carrying the Microsoft PlaysForSure logo (which, notably, do not include iPods or even Microsoft's own Zune).
Wal-Mart Music Downloads, another online music download store, also uses DRM. It charges $0.88 per track for all non-sale downloads. All Wal-Mart Music Downloads are able to be played on any Windows PlaysForSure marked product. However, this music will not play on the Zune. The music does play on the SanDisk's Sansa mp3 player, for example, but must be copied to the player's internal memory. It can not be played through the player's Micro SD card slot, which is a problem that many users of the mp3 player experience. Internet music
Enterprise digital rights management (E-DRM or ERM) is the application of DRM technology to the control of access to corporate documents such as Microsoft Word, PDF, and AutoCAD files, emails, and intranet web pages rather than to the control of consumer media . E-DRM is generally intended to prevent the unauthorized use (such as industrial or corporate espionage or inadvertent release) of proprietary documents. E-DRM typically integrates with content management system software. An example of an E-DRM system is Microsoft's Rights Management Services. Additional E-DRM vendors include Adobe Systems and EMC Corporation.
DRM and documents
Digital rights management systems have received some international legal backing by implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT). Article 11 of the Treaty requires nations party to the treaties to enact laws against DRM circumvention.
The WCT has been implemented in most member states of the World Intellectual Property Organization. The American implementation is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), while in Europe the treaty has been implemented by the 2001 European directive on copyright, which requires member states of the European Union to implement legal protections for technological prevention measures. In 2006, the lower house of the French parliament adopted such legislation as part of the controversial DADVSI law, but added that protected DRM techniques should be made interoperable, a move which caused widespread controversy in the United States.
Laws regarding DRM
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is an extension to United States copyright law passed unanimously on May 14, 1998, which criminalizes the production and dissemination of technology that allows users to circumvent technical copy-restriction methods. Under the Act, circumvention of a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work is illegal if done with the primary intent of violating the rights of copyright holders. (For a more detailed analysis of the statute, see WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act.)
Reverse engineering of existing systems is expressly permitted under the Act under specific conditions. Under the reverse engineering safe harbor, circumvention necessary to achieve interoperability with other software is specifically authorized. See 17 U.S.C. Sec. 1201(f). Open-source software to decrypt content scrambled with the Content Scrambling System and other encryption techniques presents an intractable problem with the application of the Act. Much depends on the intent of the actor. If the decryption is done for the purpose of achieving interoperability of open source operating systems with proprietary operating systems, the circumvention would be protected by Section 1201(f) the Act. Cf., Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429 (2d Cir. 2001) at notes 5 and 16. However, dissemination of such software for the purpose of violating or encouraging others to violate copyrights has been held illegal. See Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp. 2d 346 (S.D.N.Y. 2000).
On 22 May 2001, the European Union passed the EU Copyright Directive, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty that addressed many of the same issues as the DMCA.
The DMCA has been largely ineffective in protecting DRM systems,), and security consultants such as Niels Ferguson, who has declined to publish information about vulnerabilities he discovered in an Intel secure-computing scheme because of his concern about being arrested under the DMCA when he travels to the US.
On 25 April 2007 the European Parliament supported the first directive of EU, which aims to harmonize criminal law in the member states. They adopted a first reading report on harmonizing the national measures for fighting copyright abuse.
If the European Parliament and the Council approve the legislation, the submitted directive will oblige the member states to consider a crime an international copyright abuse of intellectual property committed with commercial purposes. The text suggests numerous measures: from fines to imprisonment, depending on the gravity of the offence.
The EP members supported as a whole the Commission motion, changing some of the texts. They excluded patent rights from the range of the directive and decided that the sanctions should apply only to offences with commercial purposes. Piracy for personal, non-commercial purposes was also excluded from the range of the directive.
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
DRM has been used by organizations such as the British Library in its secure electronic delivery service to permit worldwide access to substantial numbers of rare (and in many cases unique) documents which, for legal reasons, were previously only available to authorized individuals actually visiting the Library's document centre at Boston Spa in England.
Other copyright implications
Copyright law has been defined in terms of general definitions of infringement in any concrete medium. This classic approach focused such law on whether there is infringement, rather than focus on particular engineering techniques. Legislators have in several instances chosen not to prohibit new technologies (for example, piano rolls, radio broadcasting, and audio tape recording have not been prohibited, and in fact endorsed by inclusion in copyright legislation or the Courts in the U.S.). Critics of DRM assert that detecting and prosecuting infringement within the social and legal system avoids a legacy of outlawing generic, universal, popular, widespread, useful, and possibly uncontrollable in any case, engineering techniques in response to specific misuses.
Copyright law vs. particular DRM techniques
In Europe, there are several dialog activities that are uncharacterized by its consensus-building intention:
The European Community was expected to produce a recommendation on DRM in 2006, phasing out the use of levies (compensation to rights holders charged on media sales for lost revenue due to unauthorized copying) given the advances in DRM/TPM technology. However, opposition from the member states, particularly France, have now made it unlikely that the recommendation will be adopted.
Workshop on Digital Rights Management of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), January 2001. [1]
Participative preparation of the European Committee for Standardization/Information Society Standardisation System (CEN/ISSS) DRM Report, 2003 (finished). [2]
DRM Workshops of DG Information Society, European Commission (finished), and the work of the DRM working groups (finished), as well as the work of the High Level Group on DRM (ongoing). [3]
Consultation process of the European Commission, DG Internal Market, on the Communication COM(2004)261 by the European Commission on "Management of Copyright and Related Rights" (closed). [4]
The INDICARE project is an ongoing dialogue on consumer acceptability of DRM solutions in Europe. It is an open and neutral platform for exchange of facts and opinions, mainly based on articles by authors from science and practice.
The AXMEDIS project is a European Commission Integrated Project of the FP6. The main goal of AXMEDIS is atomating the content production, copy-prevention and distribution, reducing the related costs and supporting DRM at both B2B and B2C areas harmonising them.
The Gowers Review of Intellectual Property is the result of a commission by the British Government from Andrew Gowers, undertaken in December 2005 and published in 2006, with recommendations regarding copyright term, exceptions, orphaned works, and copyright enforcement. International issues
The intent of DRM is to provide technical means to assure that the creators of content such as artistic works maintain appropriate control of their work, including the ability to obtain compensation for their creative investment. This becomes controversial because DRM limits the fair use of legitimately acquired digital media in ways traditionally not restricted in other media, and gives rise to concerns that DRM schemes enormously complicate, and may prevent, effective archive management and historical research. Opponents of DRM base their opposition on one or more of these concerns.
Controversy
Many organizations, prominent individuals, and computer scientists are opposed to DRM. Two notable DRM critics are John Walker, as expressed for instance, in his article The Digital Imprimatur: How big brother and big media can put the Internet genie back in the bottle
DRM opponents
Problems with DRM
All forms of DRM for audio and visual material are subject to the 'analog hole', namely that in order for a viewer to enjoy the material, the digital signal must be turned into analogue signal containing light and/or sound for the viewer.
All DRM to date, and probably all future ones can therefore be bypassed by recording this signal and digitally storing and distributing it in non DRM form. However the conversion from digital to analogue and back may result in a drop in quality, particularly when using lossy formats.
DRM on general computing platforms
Many systems have a distributed media that is encrypted and use purpose built hardware which ensures that only licensed users can access the material; and it additionally tries to protect a secret decryption key from the users of the system.
While this in principle can work, it is extremely difficult to build the hardware to protect the secret against a sufficiently determined adversary; and many such systems have failed in the field. Once the secret is known, building a version of the hardware with the secret that performs no checks is often relatively straightforward.
In addition the user verification system is frequently subject to attack.
DRM on distributed purpose built hardware
See also
Compliance and Robustness
Copyleft
Copyright
Copy prevention
Cryptography
Data room
Glossary of legal terms in technology
ODRL
Smart contracts
Smart Cow Problem
Street Performer Protocol
Tivoization
Trusted Computing
Voluntary Collective Licensing
XrML Lobbying organizations
A royal anthem is a patriotic song, much like a national anthem but specifically praising, or praying for, a monarch or royal dynasty. Such anthems are usually performed at public appearances by the monarch or during other events of royal importance.
Examples
God Save the Queen is the royal anthem in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and some of the other Commonwealth Realms. In the United Kingdom it also serves as the national anthem. In New Zealand, both God Save the Queen and God Defend New Zealand are official national anthems, although God Save the Queen is used only when the Queen or another member of the Royal Family is present.
Kungssången, The King's Song, is the Swedish royal anthem.
Kong Kristian, King Christian, is the Danish royal anthem.
Marcha Real, Royal March, is the national anthem of Spain
Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami is the royal anthem of Thailand
Kongesangen is Norway's royal anthem. It is an adaptation of "God Save the Queen" and set to the same tune.
Боже, Царя храни – God Save the Tsar, literally 'God, Keep the Tsar', was the national anthem of the Russian Empire until 1917. It is still used in some circles of the Russian diaspora.
Bože pravde - the earlier version of the Anthem of Serbia during the Kingdom. It glorified the King
Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori - anthem of old Regal Montenegro - glorifying the Prince (and later, the King)
Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser - anthem of the former Austria-Hungary empire.
For the former shortwave radio station WNYW, see WYFR
WNYW, channel 5, is the flagship television station of the News Corporation-owned Fox Broadcasting Company, located in New York City. The station's transmitter is atop the Empire State Building, and its studio facilities are in the Yorkville section of Manhattan. WNYW is a sister station to Secaucus, New Jersey-based WWOR-TV (channel 9), the New York area's MyNetworkTV affiliate.
In the few areas of the eastern United States where viewers cannot receive Fox network programs over-the-air, WNYW is available on satellite via Dish Network and DirecTV, which also provides coverage of the station to Latin American countries and on JetBlue's LiveTV inflight entertainment system. WNYW is also available on cable in the Caribbean.
History
The station is home to one of America's longest-running primetime local newscasts. The 10 O'Clock News (now Fox 5 News at Ten) premiered on March 13, 1967, as New York's first primetime newscast. The news was home to the world-famous announcement: "It's 10PM... Do you know where your children are?" was used in this program first, and while its exact origins are unknown , Tom Gregory was one of the first people to say this famous line. Other television stations in the country have adopted this for their own 10 p.m. slots. Celebrities were often used in the 1980s to read the slogan.
WNYW also aired a 7:00 p.m. newscast from 1987 to 1993, known as Fox News at Seven.
In August 1988, WNYW launched Good Day New York, a program comparable to the Today Show, Good Morning America or The Early Show. In 1991 a new and eventually very popular music package was composed for the show by Edd Kalehoff, a New York composer who is best known for composing the themes and music cues for several game shows, notably The Price is Right.
Since the Fox takeover, WNYW's newscasts have become more tabloid in style and has been fodder for jokes, even to the point of being parodied on Saturday Night Live, and the consumer reporting segment The Problem Solvers receiving the same treatment on The Daily Show.
WNYW was portrayed in an episode of the Fox animated comedy Futurama, titled "When Aliens Attack", in which the station was accidentally knocked off the air by Philip J. Fry. That resulted in angry Omicron Perseins invading Earth and demanding to see the end of a program which had been cut off for them.
In 2002, WNYW added a 90-minute block of newscasts from 5 to 6:30 p.m on weekdays, giving the station just under 40 hours of local news per week, which is the most of any television station in New York City. In 2004, two events occurred involving the WNYW news department. Longtime anchor John Roland, a 35-year veteran of channel 5, retired from the station on June 4, 2004. Len Cannon, a former NBC News correspondent who had joined WNYW as a reporter and anchor some time earlier, was initially named as Roland's replacement. Then, several months later, veteran New York City anchorman Ernie Anastos signed a multi-year contract with WNYW, despite the fact that he was at the time anchoring at WCBS-TV. The signing would displace Cannon as lead anchor, and shortly after it was announced, he asked for, and was granted, a release from contractual obligations with the station. Anastos joined WNYW in July 2005, and Cannon joined KHOU-TV in Houston as its lead anchor in the spring of 2006.
In areas of New Jersey where the New York and Philadelphia markets overlap, both WNYW and sister station WWOR-TV share resources with Philadelphia sister station WTXF-TV. The stations share reporters for these stories.
On April 3, 2006, WNYW revamped their entire on-air appearance with a new set, new music, new graphics, and a new logo (first used by WTVT in Tampa). The new graphics and logo package will eventually be standardized for all of News Corp.'s Fox stations. Channel 5 is also one of the first Fox owned-and-operated stations to launch a MyFox powered website, which features video, more detailed news, and new community features such as blogs and picture galleries.
News
Anchors
Vanessa Alfano
Dick Brennan (politics)
Lisa Cabrera
Chris Cristie
Anne Craig
Katherine Creag
Andrea Day
John Deutzman
Arnold Diaz (consumer affairs)
Lisa Evers
Mary Garofalo
Andre Hepkins
Karen Hepp
Tracy Humphrey
Reid Lamberty
Lynda Lopez
Charles Leaf
Rob Malcolm
Sapna Parikh
Carla Quinn
Linda Schmidt
Toni Senecal (entertainment)
Mike Sheehan
Kai Simonsen Reporters
(D) -- deceased
Tex Antoine (D)
Mario Bosquez
Sandy Becker
Bill Boggs [2]
Dave Browde [3]
Lyn Brown
Jack Cafferty
Len Cannon [4]
Penny Crone
Naamua Delaney [5]
John Discepolo
Dr. Frank Field
James Ford
Sonny Fox
Chris Gailus
Stacy Ann Gooden
Dr. Max Gomez
Tom Gregory (D)
Pablo Guzman
Fred Hall
Donna Hanover
Magee Hickey
Larry Hoff
Carol Jenkins
Mike Jerrick
Bill Jorgensen
Christopher Jones
Mark Joyella
Stewart Klein (D)
Ed Ladd (D)
Matt Lauer
Judy Licht
Lee Leonard
Carol Martin
Harry Martin
Bill Mazer
Bob McAllister (D)
Chuck McCann
Bill McCreary [6]
Tom McDonald
Curt Menefee
Cora-Ann Mihalik
Ed Miller
John Miller
Joe Moreno
Lucy Noland
Bob O'Brien
Gabe Pressman
Maury Povich
Steve Powers
Dave Price
Bobby Rivers
Roxie Roker (D)
John Roland
Jim Ryan
Soupy Sales
Cynthia Santana
George Scharmen
Fred Scott
Marvin Scott
Rolland Smith
Lou Steele (D)
Mike Wallace
Cheryl Washington
Marian Etoile Watson
Lynne White
Branding and station identity
The 10 O'Clock News (March 13, 1967-January 21, 2001)
Channel 5 News (1980s)
Fox News (1987-94)
Fox 5 News (1998-present)
An oil field is a region with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below ground. Because the oil reservoirs typically extend over a large area, possibly several hundred kilometres across, full exploitation entails multiple wells scattered across the area. In addition, there may be exploratory wells probing the edges, pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere, and support facilities.
Because an oil field may be remote from civilization, establishing a field is often an extremely complicated exercise in logistics. For instance, workers have to work there for months or years and require housing. In turn, housing and equipment require electricity and water. Pipelines in cold areas may need to be heated. Excess natural gas needs to be burned off if there is no way to make use of it, requiring a furnace and stacks, and pipes to carry it from well to furnace.
Thus, the typical oil field resembles a small self-contained city in the midst of a landscape dotted with drilling rigs and/or the pump jacks known as "nodding donkeys" because of their bobbing arm. Several companies, such as BJ Services, Bechtel, Esso, Schlumberger Limited, Baker Hughes and Halliburton, have organizations that specialize in the large-scale construction of the infrastructure and providing specialized services required to operate a field profitably.
More than 40,000 oil fields are scattered around the globe, on land and offshore. The largest are the Ghawar Field in Saudi Arabia and the Burgan Field in Kuwait, with more than 60 billion barrels (10 km³) estimated in each. Most oil fields are much smaller. According to the US Department of Energy (Energy Information Administration), as of 2003 the US alone had over 30,000 oil fields.
In the modern age, the location of oil fields with proven oil reserves is a key underlying factor in many geopolitical conflicts.
The term oilfield is also used as a shorthand to refer to the entire petroleum industry. (see also: Oilpatch)
Moretta is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 km southwest of Turin and about 40 km north of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 4,226 and an area of 24.2 km².
The municipality of Moretta contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Boglio, Bogliotto, Brasse, Brasse Piccolo, Pasco, Piattera, Prese, Roncaglia, and Tetti Varaita.
Moretta borders the following municipalities: Cardè, Faule, Murello, Polonghera, Saluzzo, Torre San Giorgio, Villafranca Piemonte, and Villanova Solaro.
James Wilson Jeffcoat, Jr. (born April 1, 1961 in Long Branch, New Jersey) is a former American football defensive lineman who played 15 seasons in the National Football League.
Jeffcoat played football at Matawan Regional High School in Aberdeen Township, New Jersey. He played college football for Arizona State University, where he made the All-Pac-10 team in 1982. He was selected in the first round (23rd overall) of the 1983 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. Jeffcoat was a key part of the Cowboys defense, where he teamed for most of his career with Ed "Too Tall" Jones. He is tied with Bob Lilly for the team record for most sacks in a game (5). He led the team in sacks in 1986 and 1992. After 12 seasons with the Cowboys, in which he won 2 Super Bowl rings, he joined the Buffalo Bills before the start of the 1995 NFL season. He played three years in Buffalo before retiring.
Jeffcoat finished his 15 NFL seasons with 102 sacks, 2 interceptions for 91 return yards and a 2 touchdown, and 11 fumble recoveries for 121 yards and 2 touchdowns.
After retiring as a player, he served as the defensive ends coach for the Cowboys, until 2005. He and his wife, Tammy live in Dallas just outside of the suburb of Plano, Texas with their four children Jackson (16), Jacqueline (16), Jaren (19), and Jasmine(8). He currently owns an Allstate insurance agency. Jeffcoat has also recently partnered with Bally Total Fitness for the "Jim Jeffcoat Fitness Challenge", which started 05/01/2007. His goal is to lose eighty pounds.
Little known fact: Jim's twin children, Jackson and Jacqueline, are highly touted two-sport recruits. Both are expected play two sports in college. Basketball and Football for Jackson, and Volleyball and Basketball for Jacqueline.
Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld is a late-night talk show on the Fox News Channel.
Airing at 2:00 a.m. ET, the show covers a variety of topics, including news, entertainment, sports, and gossip. Hosted by Greg Gutfeld, the show features a round table of panelists, as well as guests linked by satellite. Bill Schulz appears as a regular panelist, while Andrew Levy acts as the show's ombudsman. Rachel Marsden was formerly a regular panelist alongside Schulz.
New episodes regularly air Monday through Friday, with Saturday and Sunday episodes being repeats from earlier in the week. An exception is made if the show is pre-empted during the week, in which case the unaired episode will be shown on the weekend.
Format
In March 2007, the show averaged 309,000 viewers in its time slot, down about 9 percent from the same timeslot in 2006 but still beating MSNBC's true-crime programs and CNN's reruns of Anderson Cooper 360.
Ratings
On Wednesday, May 30, 2007, Red Eye panelist Rachel Marsden was removed from the show and escorted out of the Red Eye offices by security guards, which Marsden alleged is standard procedure when a Fox employee is fired. Her last appearance on the show was the 5/30/2007 episode at 2 a.m.
Trivia
Slate Review
New York Times Review Registration required.
New York Observer Mostly about Red Eye and Greg.
For places named Palmyra after this city see Palmyra (disambiguation).
Palmyra (Arabic: تدمر) was in the ancient times an important city of central Syria, located in an oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus and 120 km southwest of the Euphrates. It has long been a vital caravan city for travellers crossing the Syrian desert and was known as the Bride of the Desert. The earliest documented mention of the city by its pre-Semitic name Tadmor, Tadmur or Tudmur, [1] is recorded in Babylonian tablets found in Mari [2]. Though the ancient site fell into disuse after the 16th century, it is still known as Tadmor (in Arabic تدمر) and there is a small newer settlement next to the ruins of the same name.
History
In the mid-first century, Palmyra, a wealthy and elegant city located along the caravan routes linking Persia with the Mediterranean ports of Roman Syria and Phoenicia, came under Roman control. During the following period of great prosperity, the Arab citizens of Palmyra adopted customs and modes of dress from both the Iranian Parthian world to the east and the Graeco-Roman west.
Tadmor is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Second Book of Chronicles 8:4) as a desert city built by the King Solomon of Judea, the son of David.
In the First Book of Kings (9:18) is mentioned the city of תמר Tamor or Tamar, also built by Solomon. But it is traditionally read (see Qere) as Tadmor, and several citations in the tractates of the Talmud and of the Midrash refer to that city in the Syrian desert (sometimes interchanging the letters "t" and "d" - "Tarmod" instead of "Tadmor"). (Some modern scholars wrote that it could refer to a place near the Dead Sea.)
Tadmor is also mentioned as built by Solomon in Flavius Josephus Antiquities of the Jews - Book VIII, along with the Greek name of Palmyra.
Tadmor is the name of Palmyra in modern Hebrew. The exact etymology of the name "Palmyra" in this case is unknown, although some scholars believe it was related to the palm trees in the area. Others, however, are less certain, and believe it may have come out of an incorrect translation of the name "Tadmor"; c.f. Colledge, Seyrig, Starcky, and others.
The city was first mentioned in the archives of Mari in the 2nd millennium BC. It was another trading city in the extensive trade network that linked Mesopotamia and northern Syria. Terry Jones and Alan Ereira write in 'Barbarians', p. 183:
"There had been a temple at Palmyra, for instance, for 2000 years before the Romans ever saw it. Its form, a large stone-walled chamber with columns outside, is much closer to the sort of thing attributed to Solomon than to anything Roman. It is mentioned in the Bible as part of Solomon's Kingdom. In fact, it says he built it (2 Chronicles 8 v. 4)."
Ancient
When the Seleucids took control of Syria in 323 BC, the city was left to itself and it became independent. The city flourished as a caravan halt in the 1st century BC. In 41 BC, the Romans under Mark Antony tried to occupy Palmyra but failed as the Palmyrans escaped to the other side of the Euphrates. The Palmyrans had received intelligence of the Roman approach. This proves that at that time Palmyra was still a nomadic settlement and its valuables could be removed at short notice.
Jones and Erieira note that Palmyran merchants owned ships in Italian waters and controlled the Indian silk trade. "Palmyra became one of the richest cities of the Near East.""The Palmyrans had really pulled off a great trick, they were the only people who managed to live alongside Rome without being Romanized. They simply pretended to be Romans."
Palmyra was made part of the Roman province of Syria during the reign of Tiberius (14–37). It steadily grew in importance as a trade route linking Persia, India, China, and the Roman empire. In 129, Hadrian visited the city and was so enthralled by it that he proclaimed it a free city and renamed it Palmyra Hadriana.
Beginning in 212, Palmyra's trade diminished as the Sassanids occupied the mouth of the Tigris and the Euphrates. Septimius Odaenathus, a Prince of Palmyra, was appointed by Valerian as the governor of the province of Syria. After Valerian was captured by the Sassanids and died in captivity in Bishapur, Odaenathus campaigned as far as Ctesiphon (near modern-day Baghdad) for revenge, invading the city twice. When Odaenathus was assassinated by his nephew Maconius, his wife Septimia Zenobia took power, ruling Palmyra on the behalf of her son, Vabalathus. Zenobia rebelled against Roman authority with the help of Cassius Dionysius Longinus and took over Bosra and lands as far to the west as Egypt, establishing the short-lived Palmyrene Empire. Next, she attempted to take Antioch to the north. In 272, the Roman Emperor Aurelian finally retaliated and captured her and brought her back to Rome. He paraded her in golden chains but allowed her to retire to a villa in Tibur, where she took an active part in society for years. This rebellion greatly disturbed Rome, and so Palmyra was forced by the empire to become a military base for the Roman legions. Diocletian expanded it to harbor even more legions and walled it in to try and save it from the Sassanid threat. The Byzantine period only resulted in the building of a few churches and much of the city was in ruin.
Greco-Roman & Persian Periods
In 634 the first Muslims arrived in Palmyra. The city was taken by the Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn Walid in 636. In the 6th century, Fakhreddine al Maany castle was built on top of a mountain overlooking the oasis. The castle was surrounded by a moat, with access only available through a drawbridge. The city of Palmyra was kept intact. After 800 people started abandoning the city.
Islamic rule
Palmyrenes constructed a series of large-scale funerary monuments. These structures, some of which were below ground, had interior walls that were cut away or constructed to form burial compartments in which the deceased, extended at full length, was placed. Limestone slabs with human busts (in Roman and Parthian Iranian fashions) in high relief sealed the rectangular openings of the compartments.
These reliefs represented the "personality" or "soul" of the person interred and formed part of the wall decoration inside the tomb chamber. A banquet scene as depicted on this relief would have been displayed in a family tomb rather than that of an individual.
Further excavations
The scene of the theatre
The ancient Decumanus
The Ibn Ma'an Castle at night
See also
Metropolitan Museum of Art - Palmyra
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Substitutionary atonement is a doctrine in Christian theology which states that Jesus Christ died on the Cross as a substitute for sinners. It stresses the vicarious nature of the crucifixion being "for us" and representational Christ representing humanity through the Incarnation.
The word atonement is a theological term that is used to describe the substitutionary work of Christ. The word occurs in the KJV in Romans 5:11 and has the basic meaning of reconciliation. The word often is used in the Old Testament to translate the Hebrew words kipper and kippurim, which mean "propitiation" or "expiation." The word atonement encompasses Christ's work of redemption on behalf of his people. The center of Christ's work, the main event to which the whole Old Testament pointed and to which the whole New Testament expounded, was Christ's sacrificial death on the cross. Christ's death is the very heart of the Christian faith. It is the central theme of Scripture.
Key Bible texts
Calahorra, La Rioja, Spain is located in the comarca of La Rioja Baja, near the border with Navarre on the right bank of the Ebro.
The city is located on a hill at an altitude of 358 metres at the confluence of the Ebro and Cidacos rivers, and has an area of 91.41 km². Calahorra is the second-largest city in La Rioja in population and importance, after the capital, Logroño. Its population is 21,060 people.
It is well connected to other cities, especially by highway. It is situated in the Ebro valley, 48 kilometres from Logroño, 120 km from Zaragoza and 180 km from Bilbao, and is connected to these cities by national highway 232, the A-68 motorway (Vasco-Aragonesa) and the Bilbao-Zaragoza rail line.
Its daily bus services link it to such cities as Pamplona, Soria, and San Sebastián.
Its status as seat of a comarca and judicial district make it a service-industry city, in administrative, commercial, and leisure fields.
Tianjin (help·info) (Chinese: 天津; Pinyin: Tiānjīn; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of China. As a municipality, Tianjin has provincial-level status and comes directly under the central government. Tianjin's urban area is the third largest in China, after Shanghai and Beijing.
Tianjin's urban area is located along the Hai He River. Its ports, some distance away, are located on Bohai Gulf in the Pacific Ocean. Tianjin Municipality borders Hebei province to the north, south, and west; the municipality of Beijing is to the northwest, and Bohai Gulf to the east.
History
Tianjin is at the northern end of the Grand Canal of China, which connects with the Huang He and Yangtze rivers.
Tianjin Municipality is generally flat, and swampy near the coast, but hilly in the far north, where the Yanshan Mountains pass through the tip of northern Tianjin. The highest point in Tianjin is Jiushanding Peak on the northern border with Hebei, at an altitude of 1078 m.
The Hai He River forms within Tianjin Municipality at the confluence of the Ziya River, Daqing River, Yongding River, North Grand Canal, and South Grand Canal; and enters the Pacific Ocean at Tianjin Municipality as well, in Dagu District. Major reservoirs include the Beidagang Reservoir in the extreme south (in Dagang District) and the Yuqiao Reservoir in the extreme north (in Ji County).
The urban area of Tianjin is found in the south-central part of the Municipality. In addition to the main urban area of Tianjin proper, the coast along the Bohai is lined with a series of port towns, including Tanggu and Hangu.
Tianjin's climate is a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification Dwa) characterized by hot, humid summers, due to the monsoon, and dry, cold winters, due to the Siberian anticyclone. Average highs in January and July are 36 degrees F (2C) and 87 degrees F (31C) respectively). Spring is windy but dry, and most of the precipitation takes place in July and August. Tianjin also experiences occasional spring sandstorms which blow in from the Gobi Desert and may last for several days.
Geography
Tianjin is divided into 18 county-level divisions, including 15 districts and 3 counties. Six of the districts govern the urban area of Tianjin:
Three of the districts govern towns and harbours along the seacoast:
Four of the districts govern satellite towns and rural areas close to the urban center:
Two of the districts as well as the three counties govern towns and rural areas further away from the urban center:
In addition, the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA) is not a formal level of administration, but nevertheless enjoys rights similar to a regular district.
These districts and counties are further subdivided, as of December 31, 2004, into 240 township-level divisions, including 120 towns, 18 townships, 2 ethnic townships and 100 subdistricts.
Heping District (Simplified Chinese: 和平区; Hanyu Pinyin: Hépíng Qū)
Hexi District (河西区 Héxī Qū)
Hebei District (河北区 Héběi Qū)
Nankai District (南开区 Nánkāi Qū)
Hedong District (河东区 Hédōng Qū)
Hongqiao District (红桥区 Hōngqiáo Qū)
Tanggu District (塘沽区 Tánggū Qū)
Hangu District (汉沽区 Hàngū Qū)
Dagang District (大港区 Dàgǎng Qū)
These districts collectively make up the economic development zone of Binhai.
Jinnan District (津南区 Jīnnán Qū)
Dongli District (东丽区 Dōnglì Qū)
Xiqing District (西青区 Xīqīng Qū)
Beichen District (北辰区 Běichén Qū)
Baodi District (宝坻区 Bǎodǐ Qū) — Baodi County before 2001
Wuqing District (武清区 Wǔqīng Qū) — Wuqing County before 2000
Ji County (蓟县 Jì Xiàn)
Jinghai County (静海县 Jìnghǎi Xiàn) [2] (Chinese)
Ninghe County (宁河县 Nínghé Xiàn) Subdivisions
The nominal GDP for Tianjin was 366.4 billion yuan (US$45.8 billion) in 2005, a year-on-year increase of 14.5%. [3]
In 2004, per capita GDP was 31,600 yuan. The manufacturing sector was the largest (53.2%) and fastest-growing (19.8%) sector of Tianjin's economy. Urban disposable income per capita was 11,467 yuan, a real increase of 11.2% from the previous year. Rural pure income per capita was 6,525 yuan, a real increase of 11.3% from the previous year. [4]
Farmland takes up about 40% of Tianjin Municipality's total area. Wheat, rice, and maize are the most important crops. Fishing is important along the coast. Tianjin is also an important industrial base. Major industries include petrochemical industries, textiles, car manufacturing, mechanical industries, and metalworking.
Tianjin Municipality also has deposits of about 1 billion tonnes of petroleum, with Dagang District containing important oilfields. Salt production is also important, with Changlu Yanqu being one of China's most important salt production areas. Geothermal energy is another resource of Tianjin. Deposits of manganese and boron under Tianjin were the first to be found in China.
EADS Airbus will be opening an assembly plant for its A320 series airliners, to be operational in 2009. AVIC I and AVIC II will be EADS' local partners for the site, to which subassemblies will be sent from plants around the world.
Economy
At the end of 2004, the population of Tianjin Municipality was 10.24 million, of which 9.33 million were holders of Tianjin hukou (permanent residence). Among Tianjin permanent residents, 5.56 million were urban, and 3.76 million were rural. [5]
The majority of Tianjin residents are Han Chinese. Minorities include Hui, Koreans, Manchus, and Mongols.
Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service. Source: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司), eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)
Demographics
Tianjin People's Broadcasting Station is the major radio station in Tianjin. Broadcasting in nine channels, it serves most of North China, part of East and Northeast China, reaching an audience of over 100 million.[6] (Chinese) Tianjin Television, the local television station, broadcasts in nine channels. It also boasts a paid digital channel, featuring home improvement programs.[7] (Chinese) Both the radio and television stations are now branches of the Tianjin Film, Radio and Television Group, established in October of 2002.[8] (Chinese)
Major local newspapers include the Tianjin Daily and Jin Wan Bao(literally, tonight newspaper), which are the flagship papers of Tianjin Daily Newspaper Group and Jinwan Mass Media Group, respectively.
Media
People from urban Tianjin speak Tianjin dialect, which comes under the Mandarin subdivision of spoken Chinese. Despite its proximity to Beijing, Tianjin dialect sounds quite different from Beijing dialect, which provides the basis for Putonghua, official spoken language of the People's Republic of China.
Tianjin cuisine places a heavy focus on seafood, due to Tianjin's proximity to the sea. Prominent menus include the Eight Great Bowls (八大碗), a combination of eight mainly meat dishes. It can be further classified into several varieties, including the rough (粗), smooth (S: 细 / T: 細), and high (高). The Four Great Stews (四大扒) refers actually to a very large number of stews, including chicken, duck, seafood, beef, and mutton.
Tianjin also has several famous snack items. Goubuli (狗不理) is a traditional brand of baozi (steamed buns with filling) that is famous throughout China. Guifaxiang (S: 桂发祥 / T: 桂發祥) is a traditional brand of mahua (twisted dough sticks). Erduoyan (耳朵眼) is a traditional brand of fried rice cakes.
Tianjin is a respected home base of Beijing opera, one of the most prestigious forms of Chinese opera.
Ma Sanli (1914 - 2003), an ethnic Hui and longtime resident of Tianjin, is paramountly respected in China for his xiangsheng, a hugely popular form of Chinese entertainment similar to stand-up comedy. Ma Sanli delivered some of his xiangsheng in the Tianjin dialect.
Yangliuqing (Green Willows), a town about 15 km west of Tianjin's urban area and the seat of Tianjin's Xiqing District, is famous for its popular Chinese New Year-themed, traditional-style, colourful wash paintings. Tianjin is also famous for Zhang's clay figurines (S: 泥人张 / T: 泥人張) which are a type of colourful figurine depicting a variety of vivid characters, and Tianjin's Wei's kites (S: 风筝魏 / T: 風箏魏), which can be folded to a fraction of their full sizes, are noted for portability.
Culture
People from Tianjin are stereotyped to be eloquent, humorous, open, and unfettered. There is a term for the stereotype of the always-eloquent and sometimes-humorous Tianjin native: wèizuǐzi (S: 卫嘴子 / T: 衛嘴子), which translates roughly as "the Tianjin mouth". This stereotype is perhaps partially the result of Ma Sanli's reputation (see "Culture" section above).
Stereotypes
Main article: Transportation in Tianjin
Transportation
The Tianjin Metro is currently under heavy expansion from a single line to 9 lines.
Metro
There are several railway stations in the city, Tianjin Railway Station being the principal one. It was built in 1888, initially, the station was located at Wangdaozhuang (S: 旺道庄 / T: 旺道莊). The station was later moved to Laolongtou (S: 老龙头 / T: 老龍頭) on the banks of the Hai He River in 1892, so the station was renamed Laolongtou Railway Station. The station was rebuilt from scatch in 1988. The rebuilding work began on April 15, 1987 and was finished on October 1, 1988. The Tianjin Railway Station is also locally called the 'East Station', due to its geographical position.
Tianjin West Railway Station and Tianjin North Railway Station are also major railway stations in Tianjin. There is also Tanggu Railway Station is located in the important port area of Tanggu District, and TEDA Railway Station located in TEDA, to the north of Tanggu. There are several other railway stations in the city.
Construction on a Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail began on July 4, 2005, and is scheduled to be completed in 2007.
The following rail lines go through Tianjin:
Jingshan Railway, from Beijing to Shanhai Pass
Jinpu Railway, from Tianjin to Pukou District, Nanjing
Jinji Railway, from Tianjin urban area to Ji County, Tianjin
Jinba Railway, from Tianjin to Bazhou, Hebei Rail
Some spots in Tianjin, including roads and bridges, have names from Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's Three Principles of the People (for example, Minquan Gate on Zhonghuan Road). Names harkening back to the era of the Republic of China on the mainland also appear (e.g. Beiyang Road). Many roads in Tianjin are named after a Chinese province or city. Also, Tianjin is unlike Beijing, in that very few roads run parallel to the major four compass directions.
Tianjin has three ring roads. Unlike Beijing, the Inner and Middle Ring Roads are not closed, traffic-controlled roadways and some often have traffic light intersections. The Outer Ring Road is the closest thing to a highway-level ring road, although traffic is often chaotic and sometimes more than chaotic.
Tianjin's roads often finish in dao (道 avenue), xian (S: 线 / T: 線) line, more used for highways and through routes) and lu (路 road). Jie (街 street) is rare. As Tianjin's roads are rarely in a cardinal compass direction, jing (S: 经 / T: 經) roads and wei (S: 纬 / T: 緯) roads often appear, which attempt to run more directly north-south and east-west, respectively.
The following seven expressways of China run in or through Tianjin:
The following six China National Highways pass through Tianjin:
The expressways are sometimes closed due to dense fog particularly in the Autumn and Spring.
Inner Ring Road (neihuan)
Middle Ring Road (zhonghuan)
Outer Ring Road (waihuan)
Jingjintang Expressway, from Beijing, through Tianjin's urban area, to Tanggu District / TEDA
Jinghu Expressway, from Jinjing Gonglu Bridge to Shanghai (together with Jingjintang Expressway, this is the expressway from Beijing to Shanghai)
Jingshen Expressway, through Baodi District on its way from Beijing to Shenyang
Tangjin Expressway, from Tanggu District, Tianjin, to Tangshan, Hebei -- known in Tianjin as the Jintang Expressway
Baojin Expressway, from Beichen District, Tianjin, to Baoding, Hebei -- known in Tianjin as the Jinbao Expressway
Jinbin Expressway, from Zhangguizhuang Bridge to Hujiayuan Bridge, both within Tianjin
Jinji Expressway, from central Tianjin to Jixian County
China National Highway 102, through Ji County, Tianjin on its way from Beijing to Harbin
China National Highway 103, from Beijing, through Tianjin's urban area, to Tanggu District
China National Highway 104, from Beijing, through Tianjin Municipality, to Fuzhou
China National Highway 105, from Beijing, through Tianjin Municipality, to Macau
China National Highway 112, circular highway around Beijing, passes through Tianjin Municipality
China National Highway 205, from Shanhaiguan, Hebei, through Tianjin Municipality, to Guangzhou Roads and expressways
Tianjin Binhai International Airport (ZBTJ) is located to the east of the urban area, in Dongli District.
Air
The Tianjin tram network was awarded to a Belgian company in 1904 and opened in 1906. It was the first city-wide tramway system in China. There were 402 bus lines in the city as of 2004. [9](Chinese)
Construction work on the Tianjin Metro started on July 4, 1970. It was the second metro to be built in China and commenced service in 1984. The total length of track is 7.4 kilometers. The metro service was suspended on October 9, 2001 and is currently being rebuilt. This new metro will be called "Tianjin Metro Line 1". It is scheduled to be finished in the later half of 2005. The track will be extended to 26.188 kilometers and there will be a total of 22 stations. Previously, there were 8 stations. Several new metro lines are planned. Construction work on Line 2 and Line 3 will begin in late 2004.
There is also a light railway line in the city, the Binhai Mass Transit line. The line runs between downtown Tianjin and TEDA (Tianjin Economic Development Area) in the seaside region. The eastern part of the line began service on March 28, 2004. The western part of the line is scheduled to be completed in 2006.
Public transit
Sights within the Tianjin urban area include:
Sights outside the Tianjin urban area, but within the municipality, include:
Luzutang (Boxer Rebellion Museum)
Guwan Shichang 古玩市场 (Antique Market)
Guwenhua Jie 古文化街 (Ancient Culture Street)
Wen Miao 文庙 (Confucious Temple)
Shuishang Gongyuan 水上公园 (Water Park)
Shijia Dayuan (Shi Family Residence)
Temple of Great Compassion 大悲禅院 (Dabeiyuan)
Tianhougong
Wanghailou Church, site of the 1870 Tianjin Church Incident 望海楼教堂
Xikai Church 西凯天主教堂
Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall 周恩来纪念馆
Fort Dagukou, Qing Dynasty-era cannon battlement
Huangyaguan Great Wall
Mount Panshan Tourism
Sports teams based in Tianjin include:
Chinese Football Association Super League
China Baseball Association
Tianjin Teda FC
Tianjin Lions
Sports teams
Colleges and universities
Nankai High School (南开中学) City's Top 5
No. 1 High School (第一中学) City's Top 5
Shiyan High School (实验中学) City's Top 5
Xinhua High School (新华中学) City's Top 5
Yaohua High School (耀华中学) City's Top 5
Tianjin No. 2 High School (天津市第二中学)
Tianjin No. 14 High School (天津市第十四中学)
Tianjin No. 42 High School (天津市第四十二中学)
Tianjin No. 43 High School (天津市第四十三中学) High schools
天津 ("Celestial ford") is also the name of an asterism in the Chinese constellation of Girl Mansion (女宿)
Gao Lingwen, founder of Tianjin's first public school
List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
American, British, French, Italian, Belgian, Russian and Japanese Concessions in Tianjin Sister Cities
At 39°07.5′N, 117°11.7′E, the previous total solar eclipse was solar eclipse of 1277-Oct-28 occurred on October 28, 1277, the next total solar eclipse will be solar eclipse of 2187-Jul-06 occurred on July 6, 2187.
Total solar eclipses from 1001 to 3000 are:
Annular solar eclipses from 1001 to 3000 are:
Wikisource has an article about solar eclipses as seen from Tianjin from 2001 to 3000.
1277-Oct-28 13:21 CST
2187-Jul-06 17:13 CST
2415-Apr-10 10:49 CST
2636-May-27 05:09 CST
2762-Aug-12 09:43 CST
1189-Feb-17 11:37 CST
1292-Jan-21 13:30 CST
1665-Jan-16 16:42 CST
1802-Aug-28 15:48 CST
2118-Mar-22 15:33 CST
2439-Jun-12 07:52 CST
2686-Sep-10 07:12 CST
2739-Apr-30 08:41 CST
2894-Dec-18 14:38 CST
IncinerationMain articles: Materials recovery facility and waste picker Resource recovery
Main article: Recycling Recycling
Main articles: Composting and Anaerobic digestion Composting and anaerobic digestion
Main article: mechanical biological treatment Mechanical biological treatment
Main articles: Pyrolysis and Gasification Pyrolysis & gasification
Waste Management, ISSN: 0956-053X, Elsevier Academic resources
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International Solid Waste Association (International body)
Solid Waste Association of North America (North America)
Waste Management Association of Australia (Australia peak industry body)
Furniture Re-use Network (UK)
Saint Lucia Solid Waste Management Authority
Waste Management, ISSN: 0956-053X, Elsevier Academic resources
Related articles
Chartered Institute of Wastes Management (UK)
International Solid Waste Association (International body)
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Furniture Re-use Network (UK)
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Wednesday, January 30, 2008
Digital rights management (DRM) is an umbrella term that refers to access control technologies used by publishers and other copyright holders to limit usage of digital media or devices. DRM can also refer to restrictions associated with specific instances of digital works or devices. The term is often confused with copy protection and technical protection measures, which refer to specific technologies that control or restrict the use and access of digital content on electronic devices. Such technologies act as components of a complete rights-management system design.
The use of digital rights management has been controversial. Advocates argue it is necessary for copyright holders to prevent unauthorized duplication of their work to ensure continued revenue streams.
IntroductionTechnologies
An early example of a DRM system was the Content Scrambling System (CSS) employed by the DVD Forum on film DVDs since circa 1996. CSS used a simple encryption algorithm, and required device manufacturers to sign license agreements that restricted the inclusion of features, such as digital outputs that could be used to extract high-quality digital copies of the film, in their players. Thus, the only consumer hardware capable of decoding DVD films was controlled, albeit indirectly, by the DVD Forum, restricting the use of DVD media on other systems until the release of DeCSS by Jon Lech Johansen in 1999, which allowed a CSS-encrypted DVD to play properly on a computer using Linux, for which the Alliance had not arranged a licensed version of the CSS playing software.
Microsoft's Windows Vista contains a DRM system called the Protected Media Path, which contains the Protected Video Path (PVP). PVP can prevent DRM-restricted content from playing while unsigned software is running in order to prevent the unsigned software from accessing the content. Additionally, PVP can encrypt information during transmission to the monitor or the graphics card, which prevents unauthorized methods of video recording.
DRM and film
DRM and music
In 2002, Bertelsmann (comprised of BMG, Arista and RCA) was the first corporation to use DRM on audio CDs. This was initially done on promotional CDs, but all CDs from these companies would eventually include at least some DRM.
Audio CDs
Many online music stores employ DRM to restrict usage of music purchased and downloaded online. There are many options for consumers buying digital music over the internet, in terms of both stores and purchase options. Two examples of music stores and their functionality follow:
The various services are currently not interoperable, though those that use the same DRM system (for instance the several Windows Media DRM format stores, including Napster) all provide songs that can be played side-by-side through the same player program. Almost all stores require client software of some sort to be downloaded, and some also need plug-ins. Several colleges and universities, such as Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, have made arrangements with assorted Internet music suppliers to provide access (typically DRM-restricted) to music files for their students, to less than universal popularity, sometimes making payments from student activity fee funds.
Napster music store, which offers a subscription-based approach to DRM alongside permanent purchases. Users of the subscription service can download and stream an unlimited amount of music encoded to Windows Media Audio (WMA) while subscribed to the service. But as soon as the user misses a payment, the service renders all of the downloaded music unusable. Napster also charges users who wish to use the music on their portable device an additional $5 per month. Furthermore, Napster requires users to pay an additional $0.99 per track to burn it to CD or listen to it after the subscription expires. Songs bought through Napster can be played on players carrying the Microsoft PlaysForSure logo (which, notably, do not include iPods or even Microsoft's own Zune).
Wal-Mart Music Downloads, another online music download store, also uses DRM. It charges $0.88 per track for all non-sale downloads. All Wal-Mart Music Downloads are able to be played on any Windows PlaysForSure marked product. However, this music will not play on the Zune. The music does play on the SanDisk's Sansa mp3 player, for example, but must be copied to the player's internal memory. It can not be played through the player's Micro SD card slot, which is a problem that many users of the mp3 player experience. Internet music
Enterprise digital rights management (E-DRM or ERM) is the application of DRM technology to the control of access to corporate documents such as Microsoft Word, PDF, and AutoCAD files, emails, and intranet web pages rather than to the control of consumer media . E-DRM is generally intended to prevent the unauthorized use (such as industrial or corporate espionage or inadvertent release) of proprietary documents. E-DRM typically integrates with content management system software. An example of an E-DRM system is Microsoft's Rights Management Services. Additional E-DRM vendors include Adobe Systems and EMC Corporation.
DRM and documents
Digital rights management systems have received some international legal backing by implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT). Article 11 of the Treaty requires nations party to the treaties to enact laws against DRM circumvention.
The WCT has been implemented in most member states of the World Intellectual Property Organization. The American implementation is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), while in Europe the treaty has been implemented by the 2001 European directive on copyright, which requires member states of the European Union to implement legal protections for technological prevention measures. In 2006, the lower house of the French parliament adopted such legislation as part of the controversial DADVSI law, but added that protected DRM techniques should be made interoperable, a move which caused widespread controversy in the United States.
Laws regarding DRM
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is an extension to United States copyright law passed unanimously on May 14, 1998, which criminalizes the production and dissemination of technology that allows users to circumvent technical copy-restriction methods. Under the Act, circumvention of a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work is illegal if done with the primary intent of violating the rights of copyright holders. (For a more detailed analysis of the statute, see WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act.)
Reverse engineering of existing systems is expressly permitted under the Act under specific conditions. Under the reverse engineering safe harbor, circumvention necessary to achieve interoperability with other software is specifically authorized. See 17 U.S.C. Sec. 1201(f). Open-source software to decrypt content scrambled with the Content Scrambling System and other encryption techniques presents an intractable problem with the application of the Act. Much depends on the intent of the actor. If the decryption is done for the purpose of achieving interoperability of open source operating systems with proprietary operating systems, the circumvention would be protected by Section 1201(f) the Act. Cf., Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429 (2d Cir. 2001) at notes 5 and 16. However, dissemination of such software for the purpose of violating or encouraging others to violate copyrights has been held illegal. See Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp. 2d 346 (S.D.N.Y. 2000).
On 22 May 2001, the European Union passed the EU Copyright Directive, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty that addressed many of the same issues as the DMCA.
The DMCA has been largely ineffective in protecting DRM systems,), and security consultants such as Niels Ferguson, who has declined to publish information about vulnerabilities he discovered in an Intel secure-computing scheme because of his concern about being arrested under the DMCA when he travels to the US.
On 25 April 2007 the European Parliament supported the first directive of EU, which aims to harmonize criminal law in the member states. They adopted a first reading report on harmonizing the national measures for fighting copyright abuse.
If the European Parliament and the Council approve the legislation, the submitted directive will oblige the member states to consider a crime an international copyright abuse of intellectual property committed with commercial purposes. The text suggests numerous measures: from fines to imprisonment, depending on the gravity of the offence.
The EP members supported as a whole the Commission motion, changing some of the texts. They excluded patent rights from the range of the directive and decided that the sanctions should apply only to offences with commercial purposes. Piracy for personal, non-commercial purposes was also excluded from the range of the directive.
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
DRM has been used by organizations such as the British Library in its secure electronic delivery service to permit worldwide access to substantial numbers of rare (and in many cases unique) documents which, for legal reasons, were previously only available to authorized individuals actually visiting the Library's document centre at Boston Spa in England.
Other copyright implications
Copyright law has been defined in terms of general definitions of infringement in any concrete medium. This classic approach focused such law on whether there is infringement, rather than focus on particular engineering techniques. Legislators have in several instances chosen not to prohibit new technologies (for example, piano rolls, radio broadcasting, and audio tape recording have not been prohibited, and in fact endorsed by inclusion in copyright legislation or the Courts in the U.S.). Critics of DRM assert that detecting and prosecuting infringement within the social and legal system avoids a legacy of outlawing generic, universal, popular, widespread, useful, and possibly uncontrollable in any case, engineering techniques in response to specific misuses.
Copyright law vs. particular DRM techniques
In Europe, there are several dialog activities that are uncharacterized by its consensus-building intention:
The European Community was expected to produce a recommendation on DRM in 2006, phasing out the use of levies (compensation to rights holders charged on media sales for lost revenue due to unauthorized copying) given the advances in DRM/TPM technology. However, opposition from the member states, particularly France, have now made it unlikely that the recommendation will be adopted.
Workshop on Digital Rights Management of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), January 2001. [1]
Participative preparation of the European Committee for Standardization/Information Society Standardisation System (CEN/ISSS) DRM Report, 2003 (finished). [2]
DRM Workshops of DG Information Society, European Commission (finished), and the work of the DRM working groups (finished), as well as the work of the High Level Group on DRM (ongoing). [3]
Consultation process of the European Commission, DG Internal Market, on the Communication COM(2004)261 by the European Commission on "Management of Copyright and Related Rights" (closed). [4]
The INDICARE project is an ongoing dialogue on consumer acceptability of DRM solutions in Europe. It is an open and neutral platform for exchange of facts and opinions, mainly based on articles by authors from science and practice.
The AXMEDIS project is a European Commission Integrated Project of the FP6. The main goal of AXMEDIS is atomating the content production, copy-prevention and distribution, reducing the related costs and supporting DRM at both B2B and B2C areas harmonising them.
The Gowers Review of Intellectual Property is the result of a commission by the British Government from Andrew Gowers, undertaken in December 2005 and published in 2006, with recommendations regarding copyright term, exceptions, orphaned works, and copyright enforcement. International issues
The intent of DRM is to provide technical means to assure that the creators of content such as artistic works maintain appropriate control of their work, including the ability to obtain compensation for their creative investment. This becomes controversial because DRM limits the fair use of legitimately acquired digital media in ways traditionally not restricted in other media, and gives rise to concerns that DRM schemes enormously complicate, and may prevent, effective archive management and historical research. Opponents of DRM base their opposition on one or more of these concerns.
Controversy
Many organizations, prominent individuals, and computer scientists are opposed to DRM. Two notable DRM critics are John Walker, as expressed for instance, in his article The Digital Imprimatur: How big brother and big media can put the Internet genie back in the bottle
DRM opponentsProblems with DRM
All forms of DRM for audio and visual material are subject to the 'analog hole', namely that in order for a viewer to enjoy the material, the digital signal must be turned into analogue signal containing light and/or sound for the viewer.
All DRM to date, and probably all future ones can therefore be bypassed by recording this signal and digitally storing and distributing it in non DRM form. However the conversion from digital to analogue and back may result in a drop in quality, particularly when using lossy formats.
DRM on general computing platforms
Many systems have a distributed media that is encrypted and use purpose built hardware which ensures that only licensed users can access the material; and it additionally tries to protect a secret decryption key from the users of the system.
While this in principle can work, it is extremely difficult to build the hardware to protect the secret against a sufficiently determined adversary; and many such systems have failed in the field. Once the secret is known, building a version of the hardware with the secret that performs no checks is often relatively straightforward.
In addition the user verification system is frequently subject to attack.
DRM on distributed purpose built hardware
See also
Compliance and Robustness
Copyleft
Copyright
Copy prevention
Cryptography
Data room
Glossary of legal terms in technology
ODRL
Smart contracts
Smart Cow Problem
Street Performer Protocol
Tivoization
Trusted Computing
Voluntary Collective Licensing
XrML Lobbying organizations
Tuesday, January 29, 2008
A royal anthem is a patriotic song, much like a national anthem but specifically praising, or praying for, a monarch or royal dynasty. Such anthems are usually performed at public appearances by the monarch or during other events of royal importance.
Examples
God Save the Queen is the royal anthem in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and some of the other Commonwealth Realms. In the United Kingdom it also serves as the national anthem. In New Zealand, both God Save the Queen and God Defend New Zealand are official national anthems, although God Save the Queen is used only when the Queen or another member of the Royal Family is present.
Kungssången, The King's Song, is the Swedish royal anthem.
Kong Kristian, King Christian, is the Danish royal anthem.
Marcha Real, Royal March, is the national anthem of Spain
Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami is the royal anthem of Thailand
Kongesangen is Norway's royal anthem. It is an adaptation of "God Save the Queen" and set to the same tune.
Боже, Царя храни – God Save the Tsar, literally 'God, Keep the Tsar', was the national anthem of the Russian Empire until 1917. It is still used in some circles of the Russian diaspora.
Bože pravde - the earlier version of the Anthem of Serbia during the Kingdom. It glorified the King
Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori - anthem of old Regal Montenegro - glorifying the Prince (and later, the King)
Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser - anthem of the former Austria-Hungary empire.
Monday, January 28, 2008
For the former shortwave radio station WNYW, see WYFR
WNYW, channel 5, is the flagship television station of the News Corporation-owned Fox Broadcasting Company, located in New York City. The station's transmitter is atop the Empire State Building, and its studio facilities are in the Yorkville section of Manhattan. WNYW is a sister station to Secaucus, New Jersey-based WWOR-TV (channel 9), the New York area's MyNetworkTV affiliate.
In the few areas of the eastern United States where viewers cannot receive Fox network programs over-the-air, WNYW is available on satellite via Dish Network and DirecTV, which also provides coverage of the station to Latin American countries and on JetBlue's LiveTV inflight entertainment system. WNYW is also available on cable in the Caribbean.
History
The station is home to one of America's longest-running primetime local newscasts. The 10 O'Clock News (now Fox 5 News at Ten) premiered on March 13, 1967, as New York's first primetime newscast. The news was home to the world-famous announcement: "It's 10PM... Do you know where your children are?" was used in this program first, and while its exact origins are unknown , Tom Gregory was one of the first people to say this famous line. Other television stations in the country have adopted this for their own 10 p.m. slots. Celebrities were often used in the 1980s to read the slogan.
WNYW also aired a 7:00 p.m. newscast from 1987 to 1993, known as Fox News at Seven.
In August 1988, WNYW launched Good Day New York, a program comparable to the Today Show, Good Morning America or The Early Show. In 1991 a new and eventually very popular music package was composed for the show by Edd Kalehoff, a New York composer who is best known for composing the themes and music cues for several game shows, notably The Price is Right.
Since the Fox takeover, WNYW's newscasts have become more tabloid in style and has been fodder for jokes, even to the point of being parodied on Saturday Night Live, and the consumer reporting segment The Problem Solvers receiving the same treatment on The Daily Show.
WNYW was portrayed in an episode of the Fox animated comedy Futurama, titled "When Aliens Attack", in which the station was accidentally knocked off the air by Philip J. Fry. That resulted in angry Omicron Perseins invading Earth and demanding to see the end of a program which had been cut off for them.
In 2002, WNYW added a 90-minute block of newscasts from 5 to 6:30 p.m on weekdays, giving the station just under 40 hours of local news per week, which is the most of any television station in New York City. In 2004, two events occurred involving the WNYW news department. Longtime anchor John Roland, a 35-year veteran of channel 5, retired from the station on June 4, 2004. Len Cannon, a former NBC News correspondent who had joined WNYW as a reporter and anchor some time earlier, was initially named as Roland's replacement. Then, several months later, veteran New York City anchorman Ernie Anastos signed a multi-year contract with WNYW, despite the fact that he was at the time anchoring at WCBS-TV. The signing would displace Cannon as lead anchor, and shortly after it was announced, he asked for, and was granted, a release from contractual obligations with the station. Anastos joined WNYW in July 2005, and Cannon joined KHOU-TV in Houston as its lead anchor in the spring of 2006.
In areas of New Jersey where the New York and Philadelphia markets overlap, both WNYW and sister station WWOR-TV share resources with Philadelphia sister station WTXF-TV. The stations share reporters for these stories.
On April 3, 2006, WNYW revamped their entire on-air appearance with a new set, new music, new graphics, and a new logo (first used by WTVT in Tampa). The new graphics and logo package will eventually be standardized for all of News Corp.'s Fox stations. Channel 5 is also one of the first Fox owned-and-operated stations to launch a MyFox powered website, which features video, more detailed news, and new community features such as blogs and picture galleries.
News
Anchors
Vanessa Alfano
Dick Brennan (politics)
Lisa Cabrera
Chris Cristie
Anne Craig
Katherine Creag
Andrea Day
John Deutzman
Arnold Diaz (consumer affairs)
Lisa Evers
Mary Garofalo
Andre Hepkins
Karen Hepp
Tracy Humphrey
Reid Lamberty
Lynda Lopez
Charles Leaf
Rob Malcolm
Sapna Parikh
Carla Quinn
Linda Schmidt
Toni Senecal (entertainment)
Mike Sheehan
Kai Simonsen Reporters
(D) -- deceased
Tex Antoine (D)
Mario Bosquez
Sandy Becker
Bill Boggs [2]
Dave Browde [3]
Lyn Brown
Jack Cafferty
Len Cannon [4]
Penny Crone
Naamua Delaney [5]
John Discepolo
Dr. Frank Field
James Ford
Sonny Fox
Chris Gailus
Stacy Ann Gooden
Dr. Max Gomez
Tom Gregory (D)
Pablo Guzman
Fred Hall
Donna Hanover
Magee Hickey
Larry Hoff
Carol Jenkins
Mike Jerrick
Bill Jorgensen
Christopher Jones
Mark Joyella
Stewart Klein (D)
Ed Ladd (D)
Matt Lauer
Judy Licht
Lee Leonard
Carol Martin
Harry Martin
Bill Mazer
Bob McAllister (D)
Chuck McCann
Bill McCreary [6]
Tom McDonald
Curt Menefee
Cora-Ann Mihalik
Ed Miller
John Miller
Joe Moreno
Lucy Noland
Bob O'Brien
Gabe Pressman
Maury Povich
Steve Powers
Dave Price
Bobby Rivers
Roxie Roker (D)
John Roland
Jim Ryan
Soupy Sales
Cynthia Santana
George Scharmen
Fred Scott
Marvin Scott
Rolland Smith
Lou Steele (D)
Mike Wallace
Cheryl Washington
Marian Etoile Watson
Lynne White
Branding and station identityThe 10 O'Clock News (March 13, 1967-January 21, 2001)
Channel 5 News (1980s)
Fox News (1987-94)
Fox 5 News (1998-present)
Saturday, January 26, 2008
An oil field is a region with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below ground. Because the oil reservoirs typically extend over a large area, possibly several hundred kilometres across, full exploitation entails multiple wells scattered across the area. In addition, there may be exploratory wells probing the edges, pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere, and support facilities.
Because an oil field may be remote from civilization, establishing a field is often an extremely complicated exercise in logistics. For instance, workers have to work there for months or years and require housing. In turn, housing and equipment require electricity and water. Pipelines in cold areas may need to be heated. Excess natural gas needs to be burned off if there is no way to make use of it, requiring a furnace and stacks, and pipes to carry it from well to furnace.
Thus, the typical oil field resembles a small self-contained city in the midst of a landscape dotted with drilling rigs and/or the pump jacks known as "nodding donkeys" because of their bobbing arm. Several companies, such as BJ Services, Bechtel, Esso, Schlumberger Limited, Baker Hughes and Halliburton, have organizations that specialize in the large-scale construction of the infrastructure and providing specialized services required to operate a field profitably.
More than 40,000 oil fields are scattered around the globe, on land and offshore. The largest are the Ghawar Field in Saudi Arabia and the Burgan Field in Kuwait, with more than 60 billion barrels (10 km³) estimated in each. Most oil fields are much smaller. According to the US Department of Energy (Energy Information Administration), as of 2003 the US alone had over 30,000 oil fields.
In the modern age, the location of oil fields with proven oil reserves is a key underlying factor in many geopolitical conflicts.
The term oilfield is also used as a shorthand to refer to the entire petroleum industry. (see also: Oilpatch)
Friday, January 25, 2008
Moretta is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 km southwest of Turin and about 40 km north of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 4,226 and an area of 24.2 km².
The municipality of Moretta contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Boglio, Bogliotto, Brasse, Brasse Piccolo, Pasco, Piattera, Prese, Roncaglia, and Tetti Varaita.
Moretta borders the following municipalities: Cardè, Faule, Murello, Polonghera, Saluzzo, Torre San Giorgio, Villafranca Piemonte, and Villanova Solaro.
Thursday, January 24, 2008
James Wilson Jeffcoat, Jr. (born April 1, 1961 in Long Branch, New Jersey) is a former American football defensive lineman who played 15 seasons in the National Football League.
Jeffcoat played football at Matawan Regional High School in Aberdeen Township, New Jersey. He played college football for Arizona State University, where he made the All-Pac-10 team in 1982. He was selected in the first round (23rd overall) of the 1983 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. Jeffcoat was a key part of the Cowboys defense, where he teamed for most of his career with Ed "Too Tall" Jones. He is tied with Bob Lilly for the team record for most sacks in a game (5). He led the team in sacks in 1986 and 1992. After 12 seasons with the Cowboys, in which he won 2 Super Bowl rings, he joined the Buffalo Bills before the start of the 1995 NFL season. He played three years in Buffalo before retiring.
Jeffcoat finished his 15 NFL seasons with 102 sacks, 2 interceptions for 91 return yards and a 2 touchdown, and 11 fumble recoveries for 121 yards and 2 touchdowns.
After retiring as a player, he served as the defensive ends coach for the Cowboys, until 2005. He and his wife, Tammy live in Dallas just outside of the suburb of Plano, Texas with their four children Jackson (16), Jacqueline (16), Jaren (19), and Jasmine(8). He currently owns an Allstate insurance agency. Jeffcoat has also recently partnered with Bally Total Fitness for the "Jim Jeffcoat Fitness Challenge", which started 05/01/2007. His goal is to lose eighty pounds.
Little known fact: Jim's twin children, Jackson and Jacqueline, are highly touted two-sport recruits. Both are expected play two sports in college. Basketball and Football for Jackson, and Volleyball and Basketball for Jacqueline.
Wednesday, January 23, 2008
Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld is a late-night talk show on the Fox News Channel.
Airing at 2:00 a.m. ET, the show covers a variety of topics, including news, entertainment, sports, and gossip. Hosted by Greg Gutfeld, the show features a round table of panelists, as well as guests linked by satellite. Bill Schulz appears as a regular panelist, while Andrew Levy acts as the show's ombudsman. Rachel Marsden was formerly a regular panelist alongside Schulz.
New episodes regularly air Monday through Friday, with Saturday and Sunday episodes being repeats from earlier in the week. An exception is made if the show is pre-empted during the week, in which case the unaired episode will be shown on the weekend.
FormatIn March 2007, the show averaged 309,000 viewers in its time slot, down about 9 percent from the same timeslot in 2006 but still beating MSNBC's true-crime programs and CNN's reruns of Anderson Cooper 360.
Ratings
On Wednesday, May 30, 2007, Red Eye panelist Rachel Marsden was removed from the show and escorted out of the Red Eye offices by security guards, which Marsden alleged is standard procedure when a Fox employee is fired. Her last appearance on the show was the 5/30/2007 episode at 2 a.m.
Trivia
Slate Review
New York Times Review Registration required.
New York Observer Mostly about Red Eye and Greg.
Tuesday, January 22, 2008
For places named Palmyra after this city see Palmyra (disambiguation).
Palmyra (Arabic: تدمر) was in the ancient times an important city of central Syria, located in an oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus and 120 km southwest of the Euphrates. It has long been a vital caravan city for travellers crossing the Syrian desert and was known as the Bride of the Desert. The earliest documented mention of the city by its pre-Semitic name Tadmor, Tadmur or Tudmur, [1] is recorded in Babylonian tablets found in Mari [2]. Though the ancient site fell into disuse after the 16th century, it is still known as Tadmor (in Arabic تدمر) and there is a small newer settlement next to the ruins of the same name.
History
In the mid-first century, Palmyra, a wealthy and elegant city located along the caravan routes linking Persia with the Mediterranean ports of Roman Syria and Phoenicia, came under Roman control. During the following period of great prosperity, the Arab citizens of Palmyra adopted customs and modes of dress from both the Iranian Parthian world to the east and the Graeco-Roman west.
Tadmor is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Second Book of Chronicles 8:4) as a desert city built by the King Solomon of Judea, the son of David.
In the First Book of Kings (9:18) is mentioned the city of תמר Tamor or Tamar, also built by Solomon. But it is traditionally read (see Qere) as Tadmor, and several citations in the tractates of the Talmud and of the Midrash refer to that city in the Syrian desert (sometimes interchanging the letters "t" and "d" - "Tarmod" instead of "Tadmor"). (Some modern scholars wrote that it could refer to a place near the Dead Sea.)
Tadmor is also mentioned as built by Solomon in Flavius Josephus Antiquities of the Jews - Book VIII, along with the Greek name of Palmyra.
Tadmor is the name of Palmyra in modern Hebrew. The exact etymology of the name "Palmyra" in this case is unknown, although some scholars believe it was related to the palm trees in the area. Others, however, are less certain, and believe it may have come out of an incorrect translation of the name "Tadmor"; c.f. Colledge, Seyrig, Starcky, and others.
The city was first mentioned in the archives of Mari in the 2nd millennium BC. It was another trading city in the extensive trade network that linked Mesopotamia and northern Syria. Terry Jones and Alan Ereira write in 'Barbarians', p. 183:
"There had been a temple at Palmyra, for instance, for 2000 years before the Romans ever saw it. Its form, a large stone-walled chamber with columns outside, is much closer to the sort of thing attributed to Solomon than to anything Roman. It is mentioned in the Bible as part of Solomon's Kingdom. In fact, it says he built it (2 Chronicles 8 v. 4)."
Ancient
When the Seleucids took control of Syria in 323 BC, the city was left to itself and it became independent. The city flourished as a caravan halt in the 1st century BC. In 41 BC, the Romans under Mark Antony tried to occupy Palmyra but failed as the Palmyrans escaped to the other side of the Euphrates. The Palmyrans had received intelligence of the Roman approach. This proves that at that time Palmyra was still a nomadic settlement and its valuables could be removed at short notice.
Jones and Erieira note that Palmyran merchants owned ships in Italian waters and controlled the Indian silk trade. "Palmyra became one of the richest cities of the Near East.""The Palmyrans had really pulled off a great trick, they were the only people who managed to live alongside Rome without being Romanized. They simply pretended to be Romans."
Palmyra was made part of the Roman province of Syria during the reign of Tiberius (14–37). It steadily grew in importance as a trade route linking Persia, India, China, and the Roman empire. In 129, Hadrian visited the city and was so enthralled by it that he proclaimed it a free city and renamed it Palmyra Hadriana.
Beginning in 212, Palmyra's trade diminished as the Sassanids occupied the mouth of the Tigris and the Euphrates. Septimius Odaenathus, a Prince of Palmyra, was appointed by Valerian as the governor of the province of Syria. After Valerian was captured by the Sassanids and died in captivity in Bishapur, Odaenathus campaigned as far as Ctesiphon (near modern-day Baghdad) for revenge, invading the city twice. When Odaenathus was assassinated by his nephew Maconius, his wife Septimia Zenobia took power, ruling Palmyra on the behalf of her son, Vabalathus. Zenobia rebelled against Roman authority with the help of Cassius Dionysius Longinus and took over Bosra and lands as far to the west as Egypt, establishing the short-lived Palmyrene Empire. Next, she attempted to take Antioch to the north. In 272, the Roman Emperor Aurelian finally retaliated and captured her and brought her back to Rome. He paraded her in golden chains but allowed her to retire to a villa in Tibur, where she took an active part in society for years. This rebellion greatly disturbed Rome, and so Palmyra was forced by the empire to become a military base for the Roman legions. Diocletian expanded it to harbor even more legions and walled it in to try and save it from the Sassanid threat. The Byzantine period only resulted in the building of a few churches and much of the city was in ruin.
Greco-Roman & Persian Periods
In 634 the first Muslims arrived in Palmyra. The city was taken by the Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn Walid in 636. In the 6th century, Fakhreddine al Maany castle was built on top of a mountain overlooking the oasis. The castle was surrounded by a moat, with access only available through a drawbridge. The city of Palmyra was kept intact. After 800 people started abandoning the city.
Islamic rule
Palmyrenes constructed a series of large-scale funerary monuments. These structures, some of which were below ground, had interior walls that were cut away or constructed to form burial compartments in which the deceased, extended at full length, was placed. Limestone slabs with human busts (in Roman and Parthian Iranian fashions) in high relief sealed the rectangular openings of the compartments.
These reliefs represented the "personality" or "soul" of the person interred and formed part of the wall decoration inside the tomb chamber. A banquet scene as depicted on this relief would have been displayed in a family tomb rather than that of an individual.
Further excavations
The scene of the theatre
The ancient Decumanus
The Ibn Ma'an Castle at night
See also
Metropolitan Museum of Art - Palmyra
Monday, January 21, 2008
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Christianity Portal
Substitutionary atonement is a doctrine in Christian theology which states that Jesus Christ died on the Cross as a substitute for sinners. It stresses the vicarious nature of the crucifixion being "for us" and representational Christ representing humanity through the Incarnation.
The word atonement is a theological term that is used to describe the substitutionary work of Christ. The word occurs in the KJV in Romans 5:11 and has the basic meaning of reconciliation. The word often is used in the Old Testament to translate the Hebrew words kipper and kippurim, which mean "propitiation" or "expiation." The word atonement encompasses Christ's work of redemption on behalf of his people. The center of Christ's work, the main event to which the whole Old Testament pointed and to which the whole New Testament expounded, was Christ's sacrificial death on the cross. Christ's death is the very heart of the Christian faith. It is the central theme of Scripture.
Key Bible texts
Sunday, January 20, 2008
Calahorra, La Rioja, Spain is located in the comarca of La Rioja Baja, near the border with Navarre on the right bank of the Ebro.
The city is located on a hill at an altitude of 358 metres at the confluence of the Ebro and Cidacos rivers, and has an area of 91.41 km². Calahorra is the second-largest city in La Rioja in population and importance, after the capital, Logroño. Its population is 21,060 people.
It is well connected to other cities, especially by highway. It is situated in the Ebro valley, 48 kilometres from Logroño, 120 km from Zaragoza and 180 km from Bilbao, and is connected to these cities by national highway 232, the A-68 motorway (Vasco-Aragonesa) and the Bilbao-Zaragoza rail line.
Its daily bus services link it to such cities as Pamplona, Soria, and San Sebastián.
Its status as seat of a comarca and judicial district make it a service-industry city, in administrative, commercial, and leisure fields.
Saturday, January 19, 2008
Tianjin (help·info) (Chinese: 天津; Pinyin: Tiānjīn; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of China. As a municipality, Tianjin has provincial-level status and comes directly under the central government. Tianjin's urban area is the third largest in China, after Shanghai and Beijing.
Tianjin's urban area is located along the Hai He River. Its ports, some distance away, are located on Bohai Gulf in the Pacific Ocean. Tianjin Municipality borders Hebei province to the north, south, and west; the municipality of Beijing is to the northwest, and Bohai Gulf to the east.
History
Tianjin is at the northern end of the Grand Canal of China, which connects with the Huang He and Yangtze rivers.
Tianjin Municipality is generally flat, and swampy near the coast, but hilly in the far north, where the Yanshan Mountains pass through the tip of northern Tianjin. The highest point in Tianjin is Jiushanding Peak on the northern border with Hebei, at an altitude of 1078 m.
The Hai He River forms within Tianjin Municipality at the confluence of the Ziya River, Daqing River, Yongding River, North Grand Canal, and South Grand Canal; and enters the Pacific Ocean at Tianjin Municipality as well, in Dagu District. Major reservoirs include the Beidagang Reservoir in the extreme south (in Dagang District) and the Yuqiao Reservoir in the extreme north (in Ji County).
The urban area of Tianjin is found in the south-central part of the Municipality. In addition to the main urban area of Tianjin proper, the coast along the Bohai is lined with a series of port towns, including Tanggu and Hangu.
Tianjin's climate is a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification Dwa) characterized by hot, humid summers, due to the monsoon, and dry, cold winters, due to the Siberian anticyclone. Average highs in January and July are 36 degrees F (2C) and 87 degrees F (31C) respectively). Spring is windy but dry, and most of the precipitation takes place in July and August. Tianjin also experiences occasional spring sandstorms which blow in from the Gobi Desert and may last for several days.
Geography
Tianjin is divided into 18 county-level divisions, including 15 districts and 3 counties. Six of the districts govern the urban area of Tianjin:
Three of the districts govern towns and harbours along the seacoast:
Four of the districts govern satellite towns and rural areas close to the urban center:
Two of the districts as well as the three counties govern towns and rural areas further away from the urban center:
In addition, the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA) is not a formal level of administration, but nevertheless enjoys rights similar to a regular district.
These districts and counties are further subdivided, as of December 31, 2004, into 240 township-level divisions, including 120 towns, 18 townships, 2 ethnic townships and 100 subdistricts.
Heping District (Simplified Chinese: 和平区; Hanyu Pinyin: Hépíng Qū)
Hexi District (河西区 Héxī Qū)
Hebei District (河北区 Héběi Qū)
Nankai District (南开区 Nánkāi Qū)
Hedong District (河东区 Hédōng Qū)
Hongqiao District (红桥区 Hōngqiáo Qū)
Tanggu District (塘沽区 Tánggū Qū)
Hangu District (汉沽区 Hàngū Qū)
Dagang District (大港区 Dàgǎng Qū)
These districts collectively make up the economic development zone of Binhai.
Jinnan District (津南区 Jīnnán Qū)
Dongli District (东丽区 Dōnglì Qū)
Xiqing District (西青区 Xīqīng Qū)
Beichen District (北辰区 Běichén Qū)
Baodi District (宝坻区 Bǎodǐ Qū) — Baodi County before 2001
Wuqing District (武清区 Wǔqīng Qū) — Wuqing County before 2000
Ji County (蓟县 Jì Xiàn)
Jinghai County (静海县 Jìnghǎi Xiàn) [2] (Chinese)
Ninghe County (宁河县 Nínghé Xiàn) Subdivisions
The nominal GDP for Tianjin was 366.4 billion yuan (US$45.8 billion) in 2005, a year-on-year increase of 14.5%. [3]
In 2004, per capita GDP was 31,600 yuan. The manufacturing sector was the largest (53.2%) and fastest-growing (19.8%) sector of Tianjin's economy. Urban disposable income per capita was 11,467 yuan, a real increase of 11.2% from the previous year. Rural pure income per capita was 6,525 yuan, a real increase of 11.3% from the previous year. [4]
Farmland takes up about 40% of Tianjin Municipality's total area. Wheat, rice, and maize are the most important crops. Fishing is important along the coast. Tianjin is also an important industrial base. Major industries include petrochemical industries, textiles, car manufacturing, mechanical industries, and metalworking.
Tianjin Municipality also has deposits of about 1 billion tonnes of petroleum, with Dagang District containing important oilfields. Salt production is also important, with Changlu Yanqu being one of China's most important salt production areas. Geothermal energy is another resource of Tianjin. Deposits of manganese and boron under Tianjin were the first to be found in China.
EADS Airbus will be opening an assembly plant for its A320 series airliners, to be operational in 2009. AVIC I and AVIC II will be EADS' local partners for the site, to which subassemblies will be sent from plants around the world.
Economy
At the end of 2004, the population of Tianjin Municipality was 10.24 million, of which 9.33 million were holders of Tianjin hukou (permanent residence). Among Tianjin permanent residents, 5.56 million were urban, and 3.76 million were rural. [5]
The majority of Tianjin residents are Han Chinese. Minorities include Hui, Koreans, Manchus, and Mongols.
Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service. Source: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司), eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)
Demographics
Tianjin People's Broadcasting Station is the major radio station in Tianjin. Broadcasting in nine channels, it serves most of North China, part of East and Northeast China, reaching an audience of over 100 million.[6] (Chinese) Tianjin Television, the local television station, broadcasts in nine channels. It also boasts a paid digital channel, featuring home improvement programs.[7] (Chinese) Both the radio and television stations are now branches of the Tianjin Film, Radio and Television Group, established in October of 2002.[8] (Chinese)
Major local newspapers include the Tianjin Daily and Jin Wan Bao(literally, tonight newspaper), which are the flagship papers of Tianjin Daily Newspaper Group and Jinwan Mass Media Group, respectively.
Media
People from urban Tianjin speak Tianjin dialect, which comes under the Mandarin subdivision of spoken Chinese. Despite its proximity to Beijing, Tianjin dialect sounds quite different from Beijing dialect, which provides the basis for Putonghua, official spoken language of the People's Republic of China.
Tianjin cuisine places a heavy focus on seafood, due to Tianjin's proximity to the sea. Prominent menus include the Eight Great Bowls (八大碗), a combination of eight mainly meat dishes. It can be further classified into several varieties, including the rough (粗), smooth (S: 细 / T: 細), and high (高). The Four Great Stews (四大扒) refers actually to a very large number of stews, including chicken, duck, seafood, beef, and mutton.
Tianjin also has several famous snack items. Goubuli (狗不理) is a traditional brand of baozi (steamed buns with filling) that is famous throughout China. Guifaxiang (S: 桂发祥 / T: 桂發祥) is a traditional brand of mahua (twisted dough sticks). Erduoyan (耳朵眼) is a traditional brand of fried rice cakes.
Tianjin is a respected home base of Beijing opera, one of the most prestigious forms of Chinese opera.
Ma Sanli (1914 - 2003), an ethnic Hui and longtime resident of Tianjin, is paramountly respected in China for his xiangsheng, a hugely popular form of Chinese entertainment similar to stand-up comedy. Ma Sanli delivered some of his xiangsheng in the Tianjin dialect.
Yangliuqing (Green Willows), a town about 15 km west of Tianjin's urban area and the seat of Tianjin's Xiqing District, is famous for its popular Chinese New Year-themed, traditional-style, colourful wash paintings. Tianjin is also famous for Zhang's clay figurines (S: 泥人张 / T: 泥人張) which are a type of colourful figurine depicting a variety of vivid characters, and Tianjin's Wei's kites (S: 风筝魏 / T: 風箏魏), which can be folded to a fraction of their full sizes, are noted for portability.
Culture
People from Tianjin are stereotyped to be eloquent, humorous, open, and unfettered. There is a term for the stereotype of the always-eloquent and sometimes-humorous Tianjin native: wèizuǐzi (S: 卫嘴子 / T: 衛嘴子), which translates roughly as "the Tianjin mouth". This stereotype is perhaps partially the result of Ma Sanli's reputation (see "Culture" section above).
Stereotypes
Main article: Transportation in Tianjin
Transportation
The Tianjin Metro is currently under heavy expansion from a single line to 9 lines.
Metro
There are several railway stations in the city, Tianjin Railway Station being the principal one. It was built in 1888, initially, the station was located at Wangdaozhuang (S: 旺道庄 / T: 旺道莊). The station was later moved to Laolongtou (S: 老龙头 / T: 老龍頭) on the banks of the Hai He River in 1892, so the station was renamed Laolongtou Railway Station. The station was rebuilt from scatch in 1988. The rebuilding work began on April 15, 1987 and was finished on October 1, 1988. The Tianjin Railway Station is also locally called the 'East Station', due to its geographical position.
Tianjin West Railway Station and Tianjin North Railway Station are also major railway stations in Tianjin. There is also Tanggu Railway Station is located in the important port area of Tanggu District, and TEDA Railway Station located in TEDA, to the north of Tanggu. There are several other railway stations in the city.
Construction on a Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail began on July 4, 2005, and is scheduled to be completed in 2007.
The following rail lines go through Tianjin:
Jingshan Railway, from Beijing to Shanhai Pass
Jinpu Railway, from Tianjin to Pukou District, Nanjing
Jinji Railway, from Tianjin urban area to Ji County, Tianjin
Jinba Railway, from Tianjin to Bazhou, Hebei Rail
Some spots in Tianjin, including roads and bridges, have names from Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's Three Principles of the People (for example, Minquan Gate on Zhonghuan Road). Names harkening back to the era of the Republic of China on the mainland also appear (e.g. Beiyang Road). Many roads in Tianjin are named after a Chinese province or city. Also, Tianjin is unlike Beijing, in that very few roads run parallel to the major four compass directions.
Tianjin has three ring roads. Unlike Beijing, the Inner and Middle Ring Roads are not closed, traffic-controlled roadways and some often have traffic light intersections. The Outer Ring Road is the closest thing to a highway-level ring road, although traffic is often chaotic and sometimes more than chaotic.
Tianjin's roads often finish in dao (道 avenue), xian (S: 线 / T: 線) line, more used for highways and through routes) and lu (路 road). Jie (街 street) is rare. As Tianjin's roads are rarely in a cardinal compass direction, jing (S: 经 / T: 經) roads and wei (S: 纬 / T: 緯) roads often appear, which attempt to run more directly north-south and east-west, respectively.
The following seven expressways of China run in or through Tianjin:
The following six China National Highways pass through Tianjin:
The expressways are sometimes closed due to dense fog particularly in the Autumn and Spring.
Inner Ring Road (neihuan)
Middle Ring Road (zhonghuan)
Outer Ring Road (waihuan)
Jingjintang Expressway, from Beijing, through Tianjin's urban area, to Tanggu District / TEDA
Jinghu Expressway, from Jinjing Gonglu Bridge to Shanghai (together with Jingjintang Expressway, this is the expressway from Beijing to Shanghai)
Jingshen Expressway, through Baodi District on its way from Beijing to Shenyang
Tangjin Expressway, from Tanggu District, Tianjin, to Tangshan, Hebei -- known in Tianjin as the Jintang Expressway
Baojin Expressway, from Beichen District, Tianjin, to Baoding, Hebei -- known in Tianjin as the Jinbao Expressway
Jinbin Expressway, from Zhangguizhuang Bridge to Hujiayuan Bridge, both within Tianjin
Jinji Expressway, from central Tianjin to Jixian County
China National Highway 102, through Ji County, Tianjin on its way from Beijing to Harbin
China National Highway 103, from Beijing, through Tianjin's urban area, to Tanggu District
China National Highway 104, from Beijing, through Tianjin Municipality, to Fuzhou
China National Highway 105, from Beijing, through Tianjin Municipality, to Macau
China National Highway 112, circular highway around Beijing, passes through Tianjin Municipality
China National Highway 205, from Shanhaiguan, Hebei, through Tianjin Municipality, to Guangzhou Roads and expressways
Tianjin Binhai International Airport (ZBTJ) is located to the east of the urban area, in Dongli District.
Air
The Tianjin tram network was awarded to a Belgian company in 1904 and opened in 1906. It was the first city-wide tramway system in China. There were 402 bus lines in the city as of 2004. [9](Chinese)
Construction work on the Tianjin Metro started on July 4, 1970. It was the second metro to be built in China and commenced service in 1984. The total length of track is 7.4 kilometers. The metro service was suspended on October 9, 2001 and is currently being rebuilt. This new metro will be called "Tianjin Metro Line 1". It is scheduled to be finished in the later half of 2005. The track will be extended to 26.188 kilometers and there will be a total of 22 stations. Previously, there were 8 stations. Several new metro lines are planned. Construction work on Line 2 and Line 3 will begin in late 2004.
There is also a light railway line in the city, the Binhai Mass Transit line. The line runs between downtown Tianjin and TEDA (Tianjin Economic Development Area) in the seaside region. The eastern part of the line began service on March 28, 2004. The western part of the line is scheduled to be completed in 2006.
Public transit
Sights within the Tianjin urban area include:
Sights outside the Tianjin urban area, but within the municipality, include:
Luzutang (Boxer Rebellion Museum)
Guwan Shichang 古玩市场 (Antique Market)
Guwenhua Jie 古文化街 (Ancient Culture Street)
Wen Miao 文庙 (Confucious Temple)
Shuishang Gongyuan 水上公园 (Water Park)
Shijia Dayuan (Shi Family Residence)
Temple of Great Compassion 大悲禅院 (Dabeiyuan)
Tianhougong
Wanghailou Church, site of the 1870 Tianjin Church Incident 望海楼教堂
Xikai Church 西凯天主教堂
Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall 周恩来纪念馆
Fort Dagukou, Qing Dynasty-era cannon battlement
Huangyaguan Great Wall
Mount Panshan Tourism
Sports teams based in Tianjin include:
Chinese Football Association Super League
China Baseball Association
Tianjin Teda FC
Tianjin Lions
Sports teamsColleges and universities
Nankai High School (南开中学) City's Top 5
No. 1 High School (第一中学) City's Top 5
Shiyan High School (实验中学) City's Top 5
Xinhua High School (新华中学) City's Top 5
Yaohua High School (耀华中学) City's Top 5
Tianjin No. 2 High School (天津市第二中学)
Tianjin No. 14 High School (天津市第十四中学)
Tianjin No. 42 High School (天津市第四十二中学)
Tianjin No. 43 High School (天津市第四十三中学) High schools
天津 ("Celestial ford") is also the name of an asterism in the Chinese constellation of Girl Mansion (女宿)
Gao Lingwen, founder of Tianjin's first public school
List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
American, British, French, Italian, Belgian, Russian and Japanese Concessions in Tianjin Sister Cities
At 39°07.5′N, 117°11.7′E, the previous total solar eclipse was solar eclipse of 1277-Oct-28 occurred on October 28, 1277, the next total solar eclipse will be solar eclipse of 2187-Jul-06 occurred on July 6, 2187.
Total solar eclipses from 1001 to 3000 are:
Annular solar eclipses from 1001 to 3000 are:
Wikisource has an article about solar eclipses as seen from Tianjin from 2001 to 3000.
1277-Oct-28 13:21 CST
2187-Jul-06 17:13 CST
2415-Apr-10 10:49 CST
2636-May-27 05:09 CST
2762-Aug-12 09:43 CST
1189-Feb-17 11:37 CST
1292-Jan-21 13:30 CST
1665-Jan-16 16:42 CST
1802-Aug-28 15:48 CST
2118-Mar-22 15:33 CST
2439-Jun-12 07:52 CST
2686-Sep-10 07:12 CST
2739-Apr-30 08:41 CST
2894-Dec-18 14:38 CST
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